SEAGS-AGSSEA Journal -March 2013
This issue has articles from researchers in Australia, Bangkok, Japan, Nottingham, UK, Singapore, Taiwan and many other countries. From Japan, Prof. Satoru Shibuya’s group also made contributions.
Prof. Der-Wen Chang is a faculty member at The Department of Civil Engineering of Tamkang University (TKU), Taipei, Taiwan for over 21 years. He received his Ph.D. in Civil Engineering at The University of Texas, Austin in 1991 and MS in Civil Engineering at Michigan State University in 1987. Prof. Chang has supervised the research work of over 60 Master Thesis and 3 Ph.D. Thesis at TKU, and published more than 160 articles in Journal, Conference proceedings and reports. Nearly all his research studies are related to numerical modelling and dynamic analyses for the geotechnical structures. His research experiences include NDT methods on pavements, seismic behaviours of the pile foundation, constitutive modelling of soils, and recent study on the performance based design for the earth structures. Prof. Chang is also the visiting Professor at University of Washington at Seattle, US in 2008 and LN Gumilyov Eurasian National University at Astana, Kazakhstan for research studies in 2010 and 2011. Other than the research works, Prof. Chang devotes himself a great deal to serve the communities. He involves heavily and indeed shows his good performance in the public service related to education and constructions. Other than the Secretary General at Chinese Taipei Geotechnical Society (2009~2011), Prof. Chang is the current GC member of SEAGS, Editorial Panel for SEAGS/AGSSEA J. of Geotechnical Engineering, Committee members for Public Construction and Hazard Prevention in Taipei City and New Taipei City governments. He is also a TC212 member at ISSMGE who puts a lot of research efforts on seismic behaviours and performance of the pile foundations.
Dr. Dariusz Wanatowski is a Lecturer in Geomechanics in the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Nottingham, United Kingdom. He graduated in Civil Engineering from Poznan University of Technology, Poland in 1999. Between 1999 and 2001 he worked as a teaching and research assistant at the same university where he was lecturing soil mechanics and foundation engineering courses. He was also involved in several research projects, including effects of various improvements of subgrade on its bearing capacity and experimental investigation of engineering properties of various organic soils. He obtained his PhD from Nanyang Technological University in 2006. Prior to joining the Nottingham Centre for Geomechanics in February 2006 Dr Wanatowski also worked as a researcher at NTU on effects of strength and stiffness anisotropy of geomaterials on the stability and deformation of tunnels. Dr Wanatowski’s general research interests are focused on experimental geomechanics, particularly strain softening and instability behaviour of granular soils, strain localization in sands, strength and stiffness anisotropy of geomaterials, and effects of intermediate principal stress on the strength and deformation characteristics of soils. He has consulting experience in the areas of laboratory and in situ testing of soils. He is also an Honorary Secretary for East Midlands Geotechnical Group in the UK.
Foreword
The SEAGS and AGSSEA Journal of Geotechnical Engineering has been growing tremendously since the SEAGC in Taipei in 2010. Thanks to all our Guest Editors and also the Editorial Team with Dr. Ooi and IEM Team from Malaysia, and Prof. Bergado and Team from AIT and Prof. Charles NG from the HK Society in using the HKUST Web. In 2010~2012, many important and representative topics had been selected and successfully presented. Apart from a series of special issues on subjects in geotechnical engineering, a considerable amount of contributed papers with wider spectrum have been received.
As a consequence, the 1st issue in 2013 collects eleven excellent papers on the fundamentals of soil behaviours and the lessons learned from different construction technologies. There are papers discussing the deep excavation in clay by Mabrouk and Rowe, a historical overview on consolidation and strength for Taipei clay made by Hwang et al.. Lime stabilization and the acid effects on organic clay was brought by Mohd Yunus et al.. Settlements of the compacted soils and the compaction for mudstones were discussed by Leong et al. and Puttiwonggrak et al., respectively. On the other hand, small-strain behaviour of sand was presented by Lai et al. considering the effects of stress paths.
Additionally, four papers discussing the observations from on-site construction technologies and/or relevant numerical simulation can be found. They are: Joint effect on Pipe Jacking method by Le et al., FE modelling on Box-Jacking tunnel work induced ground behaviours by Komiya and Nakayama, Deformations of historic building due to tunnelling by Ge et al., and Monitoring technology on slope with rainfall infiltration by Xu et al.. Papagiannakis discusses an overview of the state of the art of mechanistic-empirical pavement design, as established by NCHRP Study 1-37A in the United States. It is our belief that all the papers presented in this issue are highly valuable and useful to the engineering work. The editors would like to express their sincere gratitude towards the authors and the reviewers who make this publication possible.
Editors
Der-Wen Chang
Dariusz Wanatowski
Acknowledgement
We are fortunate to have all the material ready for the March 2013 Issue of the Journal. This Issue is on contributed papers as received from many authors worldwide. It is the intention of the editorial team to have a balanced between those papers which are directly contributed and those published under specific themes. We are most graterful, this issue in 2013 is made feasible with the contributions from Ahmed B. Mabrouk and R. Kerry Rowe (Canada); Richard N. Hwang, Za-Chieh Moh and I-Chou Hu (Taiwan); N.Z. Mohd Yunus, D. Wanatowski and L.R. Stace (UK); E.C. Leong, S. Widiastuti and H. Rahardjo (Singapore); A. Puttiwongrak, H. Honda, T. Matsuoka and Y. Yamada (Japan); Yong Lai, Jian-yong Shi, Xiao-jun Yu and Qiu-rong Cao (China); L.G. Le, M. Takise, M. Sugimoto and K. Nakamura (Japan); K. Komiya and T. Nakayama (Japan); Shi-ping Ge, Dong-wu Xie, Wen-qi Ding, Ya-fei Qiao, Jin-chun Chai (China & Japan); and Dongsheng Xu, Fei Tong, Huahu Pei, and Jianhua Yin(China) and Papagiannakis of United States. The number of papers has also increased to eleven in this Issue.
The geotechnical Engineering Journal has lately been published spot on time since 2010 and this is due to the untiring efforts of our inhouse technical editors, particularly Prof. Der Wen Chang of the Taiwan Geotechnical Society and Dr. Dariusz Wanatowski of University of Nottingham in UK; the Editorial team of IEM under Dr. Ooi; the Ediitorial team of SEAGS at AIT under Prof. Beregado; and last but not least the help of Prof. Charles Ng of the Hong Kong Geotechnical Society and HKUST in using their web.
The June and September Issues of 2013 will be under the Leadership of Prof. Akira Murakami and Prof. Fusao Oka repectively. Their editorial teams will include Prof. Muhunthan, Dr. Hossam Abuel-Naga, Dr. Suched Likitlersuang, and Prof. Helmut F. Schweiger. Finally, the December Issue containing papers to honour Prof. Bergado is expected to have fourteen papers and edited by Prof. Chai Jin-Chun and Prof. Dr. Shui-Long Shen.
It is a great pleasure to note that we now have papers and commitments till mid 2015 Issue.
K.Y. Yong
D.T. Bergado
T.A.Ooi
A.S.Balasubramaniam
TABLE OF CONTENTS
March 2013: SPECIAL ISSUE ON CONTRIBUTED PAPERS
Edited by Prof. Der-Wen Chang and Dr. Dariusz Wanatowski
SEAGS-AGSSEA Journal – June 2013
Prof. Akira Murakami received his BS (1978) at the Agricultural Engineering Department; MS (1980) at the Civil Engineering Department and Dr. Agr. (1991) from Kyoto University (KU), respectively. In 1982, he became an assistant professor at the Agricultural Engineering Department of KU, and was promoted to an associate professor of KU in 1994. He moved to the Graduate School of Environmental Science of Okayama University with a promotion to full professor in 1999. After joining Okayama University for just 10 years, he moved back to a full professor of KU in 2009. He has served as the Vice President of the Japanese Geotechnical Society (JGS), the Board Member of the Japanese Society of Irrigation, Drainage and Rural Engineering (JSIDRE), and the International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG), and also serves as a core member of TC103 of ISSMGE and a member of the Multidisciplinary International Society on Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering. He had acted as the Secretary of TC34 of ISSMGE for two terms and delivered a general report of ‘Numerical Methods’ at 16ICSMGE held in Osaka. He is the recipient of the Japanese Society of Civil Engineering (JSCE) Paper Award (1996), the JSIDRE Sawada Prize (2007), the JGS Best Accomplishment Award (2008), the JSIDRE Best Paper Award (2010), the JGS Paper Award (2011, 2013) and is a Fellow of JSCE. His research interests include the data assimilation, inverse problem, finite element methods, mesh free methods, and DEM in geomechanics.
Dr. Dariusz Wanatowski is an Associate Professor and Head of Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Nottingham Ningbo China (UNNC). He graduated in Civil Engineering from Poznan University of Technology, Poland in 1999. Between 1999 and 2001 he worked as a teaching and research assistant at the same university where he was lecturing soil mechanics and foundation engineering courses. He was also involved in several research projects, including effects of various improvements of subgrade on its bearing capacity and experimental investigation of engineering properties of various organic soils. He obtained his PhD from Nanyang Technological University in 2006. Prior to joining the Nottingham Centre for Geomechanics in February 2006 Dr. Wanatowski also worked as a researcher at NTU on effects of strength and stiffness anisotropy of geomaterials on the stability and deformation of tunnels. Dr. Wanatowski’s general research interests are focused on experimental geomechanics, particularly strain softening and instability behaviour of granular soils, strain localization in sands, strength and stiffness anisotropy of geomaterials, and effects of intermediate principal stress on the strength and deformation characteristics of soils. He has consulting experience in the areas of laboratory and in situ testing of soils.
Foreword
It is a pleasure for me to be the Guest Editor for this Special Issue on Modelling Aspects of Soil Behaviour. There are seven excellent papers:
Soil-water-air coupled finite element analysis of model test on slope failure of unsaturated soil; Relation between seepage force and velocity of sand particles during sand boiling; A density-and stress-dependent elasto-plastic model for sands subjected to monotonic undrained torsional shear loading; 1-G Model Test with Digital Image Analysis for Seismic Behavior of Earth Dam; X-ray CT imaging of 3-D bearing capacity mechanism for vertically loaded shallow foundations; Modeling and Bending Test Simulations of Cement Treated Soil; and Modelling viscous effects during and after Construction in London Clay.
The authors of these papers are Y. L. Xiong, X. H. Bao and F. Zhang; K. Fujisawa, A. Murakami, S. Nishimura and T. Shuku; G. Chiaro, J. Koseki and L.I.N. De Silva; Y. Miyanaga, A. Kobayashi and A. Murakami; D. Takano, J. Otani, M. Nakamura and R. Mokwa; K. Kaneda, T. Tanikawa and S. Onimaru; and S. D. Clarke and C. C. Hird.
Appropriate modelling of the soil behaviour is now most important with all types of current analyses and design of the geotechnical aspects of Infra-structure and mining engineering projects. This Special Issue is the second of this type in this Journal since 2011 and the first one was in December 2011 as editted by the guest Editor Dr. Dariusz Wanatowski. The material contained in this issue will fit in very well with the next Issue in September 2013 on Geotechnical Analyses. Visco elasto-plastic modelling of soils has been the current trend in soil behaviour.
I must thank Dr. Hossam Abuel-Naga of the School of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, in helping with the submission of the paper by S. D. Clarke and C. C. Hird. Also, the in-house editor of the Journal Dr. Dariusz Wanatowski for his meticulous and painful task of checking and making sure that the articles are indeed in the correct format as required in the production of the journal.
Akira Murakami
Guest Editor
Editorial Team, SEAGS/AGSSEA J. of Geotechnical Engineering
Professor of Kyoto University, Graduate School of Agriculture
Editor-in-Chief, Soils and Foundations
Acknowledgement
It is indeed a very great pleasure to have Prof. Akira Murakami of the Kyoto University and Editor in Chief of Soils & Foundations as the Guest Editor for this Special Issue on the Modelling Aspects of Soil Behaviour. Dr. Dariusz Wanatowski, our in-house Editor has assisted Prof. Murakami and us in the production of this important Issue. Additionally Dr. Hossam Abuel-Naga has been helpful in getting contributuions from the United Kingdom.
Grateful acknowledgement is made to the contributing authors : Y.L. Xiong, X.H. Bao and F. Zhang; K. Fujisawa, A. Murakami, S. Nishimura and T. Shuku; G. Chiaro, J. Koseki and L.I.N. De Silva; Y. Miyanaga, A. Kobayashi and A. Murakami; D. Takano, J. Otani, M. Nakamura and R. Mokwa; K. Kaneda, T. Tanikawa and S. Onimaru; and S.D. Clarke and C.C. Hird.
There are seven excellent papers related to slope failure in unsaturated soils; seepage force and velocity of sand particles during sand boiling; elasto-plastic model for sands subjected to monotonic undrained torsional shear loading; Digital Image Analysis for Seismic Behavior of Earth Dam; X-ray CT imaging of 3-D bearing capacity mechanism for vertically loaded shallow foundations; Modeling and Bending Test Simulations of Cement Treated Soil; and Modelling viscous effects during and after Construction in London Clay and they are of great value to engineering practice and research.
Also, the editorial works for the September and December Issues are now well advanced and the valuable assistance from our International Geotechnical Community is gratefully acknowledged.
K. Y. Yong
D. T. Bergado
T. A. Ooi
A. S. Balasubramaniam
TABLE OF CONTENTS
June 2013: SPECIAL ISSUE ON MODELLING ASPECTS OF SOIL BEHAVIOUR
Edited by Prof. Akira Murakami & Dr. Dariusz Wanatowski
| Paper Title | Pages |
| Soil-water-air coupled finite element analysis of model test on slope failure in unsaturated soil By Y.L. Xiong, X.H. Bao and F. Zhang |
1 – 8 |
| Relation between seepage force and velocity of sand particles during sand boiling By K. Fujisawa, A. Murakami, S. Nishimura and T. Shuku |
9 – 17 |
| A density-and stress-dependent elasto-plastic model for sands subjected to monotonic undrained torsional shear loading By G. Chiaro, J. Koseki and L.I. Nalin De Silva |
18 – 26 |
| 1-G model test with digital image analysis for seismic behavior of earth dam By Y. Miyanaga, A. Kobayashi and A. Murakami |
27 – 34 |
| X-ray CT imaging of 3-D bearing capacity mechanism for vertically loaded shallow foundations By D. Takano, J. Otani, M. Nakamura, and R. Mokwa |
35 – 41 |
| Modeling and bending test simulations of cement treated soil By K. Kaneda, T. Tanikawa and S. Onimaru |
42 – 47 |
| Modelling viscous effects during and after construction in London Clay By S. D. Clarke and C. C. Hird |
48 – 54 |
SEAGS-AGSSEA Journal – September 2013
Prof. Fusao Oka
Prof. Oka is Professor emeritus of Kyoto University and JSPS scientific researcher of Kyoto University. He had been Professor of Civil and Earth Resources Engineering at Kyoto University in Japan. He has many years of experience in geomechanics with special emphasis on constitutive modeling of geomaterials, liquefaction analysis, strain localization problems and experimental works, numerical modeling of multi-phase materials such as chemo-thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling of Methane hydrate containing ground. His research expertise covers engineering applications such as soil liquefaction, consolidation and excavation problems with theoretical and experimental approach. Prof. Oka has particular interest in the viscoplastic modeling of geomaterials and related strain localization behavior. He gave a special lecture at the plenary session of 16th ICSMGE on computational geomechanics in 2005. He has published more than 200 papers in this field and has received many awards from the Japanese Geotechnical society (2005), Japan Society of Civil Engineers (1993), and IACMAG (1997, 2006). He has been serving as a chair of TC34 of ISSMGE on Prediction and Simulation Methods in Geomechanics and chaired the 4th International Workshop on Strain Localization and Bifurcation Theory for Soils and Rocks (1997), the ISSMGE International Symposium on Deformation and Progressive Failure in Geomechanics (1997), and the International Symposium on Prediction and Simulation Methods for Geohazard Mitigation by JGS and ISSMGE (2009), the 46th. Japan National conference on geotechnical Engineering (2011). He is now chairing the organizing committee of the 14th ICIACMAG 2014 Kyoto. He is currently serving as EBM of the International Journal of Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, Computers and Geotechnics and the International Journal of Geomechanics and Geoengineering.
Prof. Helmut F. Schweiger
(Graz University of Technology)
Prof. Helmut F. Schweiger is Head of the Computational Geotechnics Group at the Institute for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering of the Graz University of Technology in Austria and has over 25 years of experience in developing and applying numerical methods in geomechanics. He obtained his Ph.D. form the University of Wales, Swansea, UK. His main research interests are the development of multilaminate models for soils, application of Random Set Theory to finite element analysis and the assessment of the influence of the constitutive model for solving practical problems, in particular deep excavations, deep foundations and tunnels. Application of numerical methods in accordance with the design approaches defined in Eurocode7 is another topic he is involved in. His group was a member of several research projects funded by the European Commission. His research is reflected in more than 130 publications in International Journals and Conference Proceedings and invitations to keynote and plenary lectures at International Conferences on Soil Mechanics and Computational Geotechnics. He serves on a number of editorial boards of international journals and was chairman of 6th European Conference on Numerical Methods in Engineering. As a member of several committees Helmut is involved in formulating guidelines and recommendations for the use of finite elements in practical geotechnical engineering. He lectures on courses on Computational Geotechnics around the world and has been a member of numerous Ph.D. committees.
In 2005 he received the “Excellent Contributions Award Regional” of the International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics and the “Best Paper Award” of the Japanese Geotechnical Society and in 2010 the “George Stephenson Medal” of the Institution of Civil Engineers, London, UK for a paper published in Geotechnique.
Foreword
I am very pleased to be the Leader of the Team of Guest Editors on this Special Issue on the Role of Analyses in Geotechnical Engineering. The co-editors are Prof. Helmut and Prof. Muhunthan in seeking contributions. Dr. Dariusz Wanatowski also helped in Proof Reading the articles.
There are nine papers in this issue and they are: Numerical Simulation of the Rainfall Infiltration on Unsaturated Soil Slope Considering a Seepage Flow; Seismic Response of Gravity-Cantilever Retaining Wall Backfilled with Shredded Tire;
Numerical modeling of lateral response of long flexible piles in sand; New Sampling Algorithm in Particle Fileter for Geotechnical Analysis; Comparison of deep foundation systems using 3D finite element analysis employing different modeling techniques; Application of a constitutive model for swelling rock to tunnelling; Finite element modelling of seismic liquefaction in soils; Random Wave-Induced Seabed Responses around Breakwater Heads; and Influence of brittle property of cement treated soil on undrained bearing capacity characteristics of the ground.
The authors of these papers are: S.Kimoto, F.Oka and E.Garcia; N. Ravichandran and E. L. Huggins; Md. Iftekharuzzaman and Bipul C Hawlader; T. Shuku, S. Nishimura, K. Fujisawa and A. Murakami ; F. Tschuchnigg & H.F. Schweiger; B. Schadlich, T. Marcher and H.F. Schweiger; V. Galavi, A. Petalas and R.B.J. Brinkgreve; Y Zhang, D-S Jeng, Z-W Fu and J Ou and S. Yamada, T. Noda, A. Asaoka and T. Shina.
Finally, I hope this Special Issue would be of great values to the Readers of Geotechnical Engineering Journal, whether they are in research or practice.
Fusao Oka
Guest Editor Editorial Team, SEAGS/AGSSEA J. of Geotechnical Engineering
Professor Emeritus of Kyoto University
Kyoto, Japan
Acknowledgement
It is a pleasure to thank Prof. Fusao Oka the Team leader of our Guest Editors for this September Issue on the Role of Analyses in Geotechnical Engineering Practice. The co-editors are Prof. Helmut Schweiger and Prof. Muhunthan Balasingham for acquiring papers from Europe & North America respectively. Dr. Dariusz Wanatowski helped the proof reading at the final stage.
Grateful acknowledgement is made to the contributing authors : :S.Kimoto, F.Oka and E.Garcia; N. Ravichandran and E. L. Huggins; Md. Iftekharuzzaman and Bipul C Hawlader; T. Shuku, S. Nishimura, K. Fujisawa and A. Murakami ; F. Tschuchnigg & H.F. Schweiger; B. Schadlich, T. Marcher and H.F. Schweiger; V. Galavi, A. Petalas and R.B.J. Brinkgreve; Y Zhang, D-S Jeng, Z-W Fu and J Ou and S. Yamada, T. Noda, A. Asaoka and T. Shina.
There are nine excellent papers related: Numerical Simulation of the Rainfall Infiltration on Unsaturated Soil Slope Considering a Seepage Flow; Seismic Response of Gravity-Cantilever Retaining Wall Backfilled with Shredded Tire;
Numerical modeling of lateral response of long flexible piles in sand; New Sampling Algorithm in Particle Fileter for Geotechnical Analysis; Comparison of deep foundation systems using 3D finite element analysis employing different modeling techniques; Application of a constitutive model for swelling rock to tunnelling; Finite element modelling of seismic liquefaction in soils; Random Wave-Induced Seabed Responses around Breakwater Heads; and Influence of brittle property of cement treated soil on undrained bearing capacity characteristics of the ground.
Also, the editorial works for the December Issue is now well advanced and the valuable assistance from our International Geotechnical Community is gratefully acknowledged.
K. Y. Yong
N . Phienwej
T. A. Ooi
A. S. Balasubramaniam
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SEPTEMBER 2013 SPECIAL ISSUE ON NUMERICAL ANALYSES
Guest Editors: Prof. Fusao Oka & Prof. Helmut F. Schweiger
SEAGS-AGSSEA Journal – December 2013
PROF. JINCHUN CHAI
Prof. Chai got his bachelor of engineering degree from Tongji University in Shanghai, China in 1982; and master of engineering degree from the China Academy of Railway Science in Beijing, China in 1985. Then he got his Doctor of engineering degree from Asian Institute of Technology in Bangkok, Thailand in 1992 under the supervision of Prof. D. T. Bergado. Professor Chai is currently Professor of Geotechnical Engineering at the Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Japan. His primary research interests are: (1) soft ground improvement; (2) geosynthetics; and (3) numerical analysis in geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering.
He has written over 140 research papers (about 60 journal papers and over 80 conference papers) and two coauthored books, “Improvement techniques of soft ground in subsiding and lowland environment”, by :Bergado/Chai/Alfaro/Balasubramaniam;, Balkema (1994); and “Deformation analysis in soft ground improvement”, by Chai/Carter; Springer (2011). In Scopus database, his papers have been cited about 750 times, and his H-Index is 16. Professor Chai is a licensed Professional Engineer in Japan.
PROF. SHUI-LONG SHEN
Prof. Dr. Shui-Long Shen received his BSc. in Tunneling and Underground Space Technology from Tongji University in 1986 and his MPhil in Structural Engineering from the same university in 1989. He obtained his Ph.D. in Geotechnical Engineering from Saga University, Japan, in 1998. After Dr. Shen received his PhD, he worked in the Institute of Lowland Technology (ILT) as a lecturer from 1998 to 2001. During this period Dr. Shen served as an Associate Editor of Lowland Technology International-an International Journal. From 2001 to 2003, Dr. Shen worked in National Institute for Environmental Studies in Tsukuba-the Science City of Japan. In 2003, he joined the Department of Civil Engineering (DCE) of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) as a faculty member. He is now the Department Head of DEC. From 2005 to 2010, Dr. Shen has been keeping collaboration with other international organization, e.g. Saga University, Virginia Tech, The University of Kansas, The University of Hong Kong, Suranaree University of Technology.
Dr. Shen’s research interests focus on soft ground improvement and land subsidence due to withdrawal of liquid from underground. He published and/or edited five books, of which two conference proceedings published by ASCE. Dr. Shen published more than 150 technical papers in Journals and conferences, in which about 50 papers were published in International Journals.
Dr. Shen also serves as an editorial board member of four International Journals, e.g. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Elseveir, and Geotechnical Engineering – SEAGS etc. and two domestic journals, e.g. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering.
PREFACE
This special issue is dedicated to Professor Dennes T. Bergado to commemorate his retirement from the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) in June, 2013. The general theme of this issue is: Soft Ground improvement and Geosynthetics, which has been the main area of Prof. Bergado’s personal research activity over the past 3 decades and to which he has contributed enormously. The idea of having a special issue for Prof. Bergado’s retirement came from Prof. A. S. Balasubramaniam in March 2012. When he asked us to be guest editors for this issue, we accepted the invitation happily and eagerly. Prof. Bergado was Prof. Jinchun Chai’s supervisor for his Doctor of Engineering Degree in AIT (1992), and he is also a close friend of Prof. Shuilong Shen.
We were determined to make the issue one of very high standards and a lasting and memorable contribution to the subject area. We started to invite active researchers in the field to contribute their new research results or state-of-the-art papers in April 2012. All those we invited responded warmly and enthusiastically, and we believe this was because of Prof. Bergado’s outstanding contribution to the field as well as his friendly personality. We informed all who agreed to contribute that all papers would be subject to strict critical review and only those papers that satisfactorily addressed all review comments would be finally included in this issue. Thirteen (13) full papers were received by the end of 2012. Review and revision works took about 4 months and in May 2013, the 13 high quality papers were finally accepted and ready for publication. Among these papers, 7 are review articles, i.e., state-of-the-art papers, and 6 contain essentially new and previously unpublished material.
In the meantime, we invited senior professors in the field of geotechnical engineering who know Prof. Bergado well to write their thoughts and reflections about him for this special issue. The notes penned by Prof. H.G. Poulos, Prof. S.K. Kim & Prof. N. Miura are included with this preface. It is hoped that these short notes will provide inspiration to young researchers and engineers working in the area of ground improvement and the application of geosynthetics.
Finally we would like to thank all the contributors and people who helped us to make this special issue a success. We wish Prof. Dennes T. Bergado a very happy retirement and at the same time urge him to continue to contribute professionally to the fields of soft ground improvement and the use of geosynthetics. We feel he still has much to offer to our profession.
Jinchun Chai, Saga, Japan
Shui-Long Shen Shanghai, China
—
Prof. H.G. Poulos writes
Ground improvement has become an increasingly important issue in the development of property and infrastructure in areas where ground conditions are poor. South East Asia is one of these areas and so it is entirely appropriate that research into ground improvement methods should be undertaken at one of the region‟s foremost institutions, the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT). This research has been spearheaded by Professor Dennes T. Bergado, and over the past 3 decades, he and his research team have made many significant contributions to knowledge and practice in the area of ground improvement. Of particular significance is his work on vertical drains and ground reinforcement using inclusions and geosynthetics. He has presented innovative techniques to enhance the performance of vertical drains by heating them, and by the application of electro-osmosis. His two books in this area have been influential and have been of great value to students and practitioners alike.
A feature of Professor Bergado‟s research is his focus on solving geo-problems in Asia, and his recent research has expanded to include geotechnical aspects of natural disasters, including tsunamis. He and his team have addressed not only the science of the problems they have tackled, but also the technology of application of the science.
AIT has been fortunate to have a person of his calibre to lead the group and to carry on the pioneering work that began decades ago with Dr. Za-Chieh Moh, and continued under Professor A. S. Balasubramaniam. I am sure that I speak for many in our discipline in wishing him an enjoyable retirement, while at the same time hoping that he will be able to continue to contribute his knowledge and experience to the profession and to help guide the younger generation of geo- professionals.
H.G. Poulos
Coffey Geotechnics, and the University of Sydney, Australia.
December 2012
—
Prof. Sag-Kyu Kim writes
First of all, I would like to congratulate Professor Dennes T. Bergado on his honourable retirement from AIT. He has long served at the institute as an educator of geotechnical engineering. Through his long teaching career at AIT he has produced a lot of prominent geotechnical engineers, most of whom are now doing leading roles in the Asian region. His research works have mainly been concerned in soft ground improvement and geosynthetics. Lots of papers related to this discipline have been published in international journals and proceedings. Furthermore, he has been involved in important consulting projects including the construction of the new Bangkok international airport. His reputation as an expert in this field has made him to be invited as a theme lecturer or a keynote speaker in many international geotechnical events. It is my honour and privilege to write some words for such an expert in a special volume of Geotechnical Engineering Journal commemorating his academic achievements.
Everywhere in the world there exist soft grounds that need to improve for an effective land use. A large delta neighbouring the city of Busan in Korea was also one of such sites, where the Government planned to develop a large scale harbour along a coastline and residential and industrial compounds behind it. In connection with this challenging project, I opened a short course on „Soil improvement using prefabricated vertical drains‟ in 1998 at my University in Seoul. Prof. Dennes T. Bergado gave a practically useful lecture at the event with the theme of „Design and analysis of vertical drains‟ and introduced the case of soil improvement of Bangkok clay. Afterwards, I again organized an Asian Regional Committee entitled „Thick clay deposit,‟ and I have frequently held seminars and symposia in order to expand and deepen the understanding of ground improvement technologies. He often joined us in those events as an invited speaker and thus through those close contacts he became my long-time colleague and friend. We are deeply indebted to Prof. Dennes T. Bergado for having shared his experiences and introduced new technologies developed at AIT.
Though he is retiring from teaching and research duty at AIT, he is still young and energetic. I am sure he will continue to work with a new role in our geotechnical field. I wish him all the best and enjoying his second career.
Sag-Kyu Kim
Professor Emeritus, Dongguk University, Seoul, Korea.
December 2012
—
Prof. N. Miura writes
Bergado – All rounded Player
It was in 1987 when I first contacted with Prof. Dennes T. Bergado who was working at Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) in Bangkok, Thailand immediately as a young faculty member after he came back from U.S.A. Saga University asked me to invite a foreign professor, and I sent invitation letters to several universities. He sent back his positive response to accept our requirements. We were planning to establish a new institute to investigate the lowland problems especially such problems as land-subsidence, soft ground improvement, and water management in lowlands. Prof. Dennes T. Bergado was searching for new research topics after he finished probabilistic research in his PhD dissertation at Utah State University under Professor Loren Anderson. Prof. Dennes T. Bergado was interested in soft ground improvement in Saga Plain, because there exist common properties between soft Ariake Clay in Saga Plain and soft Bangkok clay.
The first topics he selected at Saga University were to investigate the prefabricated vertical drain (PVD). We made a large-scale test instrument for this purpose and he successfully performed experimental model tests. The results were successfully applied in field embankment tests at Saga Airport construction site. Some of the data appeared on his book publication “Soft Ground Improvement in Lowland and Other Environments” published by ASCE press（Bergado, Anderson, Miura and Balasubramaniam, 1996）. Subsequently, this equipment has been utilized for model tests in the soft Bangkok clay which lead to successful applications in the Mega-Projects in Bangkok, Thailand such as the Suvarnabhumi International Airport, Motorway to Pattaya, Outer Ring Road, etc.
During Prof. Dennes T. Bergado‟s stay at Saga University, close relationship was made with AIT, and Saga University accepted more than ten AIT alumni for doctoral studies. During Bergado‟s second stay, then AIT President, Prof. North, visited our University. After he went back to AIT, tremendous activities started in the field of geotechnical engineering. Field tests on full-scale embankments at AIT campus became a well-known monuments, and he published numerous papers based on the model embankments, and a large number of doctor students were produced at AIT.
Prof. Bergado‟s brilliant successes come not only from his creative and innovative researches but also his pleasant personality which attracted excellent students and also practicing engineers. In other words, he has a good sense of management. He is really an all-around player. I hope that he can continue his research activities after retirement and also he can enjoy golf as long as he can. I would like to say many thanks to him for his contribution to our activities at Saga University which led to the establishment of the Institute of Lowland Technology (ILT). Lastly, he also contributed in initiating the now famous International Symposium on Soil Reinforcement (now IS-Kyushu) which started at Saga University in 1988. He was also instrumental in the establishment of the technical journal at ILT called Lowland Technology International (LTI), a name Prof. Dennes T. Bergado suggested.
Norihiko Miura
December 2012
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is a great pleasure to write this acknowledgement for the December 2013 Issue dedicated to honour Prof. Dennes T. Bergado‟s retirement from the Asian Institute of Technology. At the very first sincere thanks must go to the guest editors Prof. Jinchun Chai and Prof. Shuilong Shen. They really did a magnificent job in making this volume possible with thirteen excellent papers; all related to ground improvement and from world-wide reputed authors.
Grateful acknowledgement is also made to the contributing authors: J.-C. Chai, J. P. Carter, A. Saito and T. Hino; Ennis M. Palmira, André R.S. Feel and Gregorian. L. S. Araújo; X. Yang and J. Han;J. K. Lee and J.Q. Shang; P.V. Long, D.T. Bergado, L.V. Nguyen and A.S. Balasubramaniam; Han-Yong Jeon and Yuan Chun Jin; P. Voottipruex and D.T. Bergado, and W. Wongprasan; C. Taechakumthorn and R.K. Rowe; C. Rujikiatkamjorn and B. Indraratna; Z.F. Wang, S.L. Shen, C.E. Ho and Y.H. Kim; Masaki Kitazume; Wei Guo, Jian Chu and Shuwang Yan; S. Horpibulsuk, C. Suksiripattanapong and A. Chinkulkijniwat; and H.M. Abuel-Naga, G.A. Lorenzo and D.T. Bergado.
There are fourteen excellent papers in this issue on: Behaviour of Clay Subjecting to Vacuum and Surcharge Loading in an Oedometer; Behaviour of Geogrid Reinforced Abutments on Soft Soil; Geocell-Reinforced Granular Fill under Static and Cyclic Loading: A Synthesis of Analysis; Electrical Vertical Drains in Geotechnical Engineering Applications; Design and Performance of Soft Ground Improvement Using PVD with and without Vacuum Consolidation; Reassessment of Long-Term Performance of Geogrids by Considering Mutual Interaction among Reduction Factors; Simulations of PVD Improved Reconstituted Specimens with Surcharge, Vacuum and Heat Preloading using Axisymmetric and Equivalent Vertical Flow Conditions; Reinforced Embankments on Soft Deposits: Behaviour, Analysis and Design; Current State of the Art in Vacuum Preloading for Stabilising Soft Soil; Jet Grouting Practice: an Overview; Deep Mixing Method in Japan; Recent Studies of Geosynthetic Tubes and Mattress: an overview; Design Method for Bearing Reinforcement Earth Wall; and Current State of Knowledge on Thermal Consolidation using Prefabricated Vertical Drains.
Prof. Bergado (Dennes) was in the Geotechnical Engineering batch that graduated from AIT in 1976. At that time, Dr. Moh, Dr. Brand, Dr. Peter Brenner and Prof. Prinya Nutalaya and Prof. A.S.Balasubramaniam were the Geotechnical Faculty Members at AIT. After working for a while in Philippines, Prof. Bergado studied at Utah State University in USA on a Full Bright Scholarship and worked with Prof. Loren Anderson. Prof. Bergado joined AIT as an Assistant Professor in 1982; early colleagues of Prof. Bergado at AIT include Prof. Hideki Ohta, Prof. Towhata, Late Dr. Tomiolo, Dr. Friedrich Prinzl, Prof. Ikuo Towhata, Prof. Yuhdbir and Dr. Sarvesh Chandra. Later, Dr Robert Whitely, Dr. Noppadol Phienwej, Dr. Rantucci, Prof. Buddhima Indraratna , Dr. Kuwano, Dr. Sugimoto, Dr. Honjo, Prof. Ohtsu, Prof. Shibuya and Dr. Takemura; just to name a few. Prof. Onodera and Prof. Toshinobu Akagi left AIT a little before Prof. Bergado joined AIT.
At AIT in the early years Prof. Bergado was involved with many major Sponsored Research Projects including the USAID Funded Welded Wire Mechanical Stabilized Earth and Geosynthetics in Embankments on Soft Clays. Prof. Bergado was also deeply involved with the PVD Soft Ground Improvement Project at the Second Bangkok (Suvarnabhumi) Airport Site with the Airport Authority of Thailand. The Doctoral Students of Prof. Bergado were: Prof. Shivashankar, Prof. Chai, Dr. Long, Dr Panich, Dr Lorenzo, Dr Sompote, Dr Lai, Dr Abuel-Naga, Dr Chairat, Dr. Pittaya, Dr Jaturonk, and Dr Tawatchai to name a few. He successfully supervised a total of 17 doctor and 160 master graduates. Prof. Bergado wrote 2 books in soil/ground improvement, edited 22 conference proceedings with more than 140 journal and 280 conference papers. Prof. Bergado also edited the Volume on Geotechnical Engineering in SE Asia for the Golden Jubilee Conference at San Francisco in 1985. Prof. Bergado was associated with the Southeast Asian Geotechnical Society from the time he joined AIT, earlier as Editor of the Journal (1996-2000) and later became the Secretary General of SEAGS (2001-2012). He also initiated the Asian Center for Soil Improvement and Geosynthetics (ACSIG) and founded the International Geosynthetics Society (IGS)-Thailand Chapter. Currently, he is serving his second term as elected member of the IGS International Council.
Prof. Bergado spent his Sabbatical at Saga University. Emeritus Professor Norihiko Miura has also contributed an article here on Prof. Bergado‟s contributions and so were Prof. H G Poulos and Prof. Sag-Kyu Kim. These articles are included in the Preface as written by the Guest Editors.
It is a genuine pleasure to have this special issue to honour Prof. Dennes T. Bergado who has been an AIT Alumnus, a Colleague and friend of all of us over the last 35 years or so.
