V. Di Murro, L. Pelecanos, K. Soga, C. Kechavarzi, R.F. Morton, L. Scibile

ABSTRACT: The Centre for European Nuclear Research (CERN) uses large and complex scientific instruments to study the basic constituents of matter by operating a network of underground particle accelerators and appurtenant tunnels. Long-term safety and structural health of this critical infrastructure highlighted the need for a sensing plan that could provide remote monitoring and resistance to high radiation. A pilot Distributed Fibre-Optic Sensing (DFOS) system using Brillouin scattering was used to instrument 8 tunnel sections and obtain a first set of short-term readings. These preliminary readings show minor tunnel ovalisation and will be used as baseline for future long-term readings.

KEYWORDS: Fibre-optic sensing, Tunnels, Soil-structure interaction, Brillouin scattering, Long-term monitoring

Distributed Brillouin Sensing for Geotechnical Infrastructure: Capabilities and Challenges

N. Noether and S. von der Mark

ABSTRACT: Distributed Brillouin sensing has become a state-of-the-art tool for strain and temperature monitoring in concrete and geotechnical applications throughout the civil construction industry. While commercially available systems are steadily advancing in terms of spatial resolution and measurement length, end-users in field installations often put the focus on softer parameters like linearity or optical budget when evaluating the performance of the technology.
This paper addresses the implications of high spatial resolution to the accuracy of relative and absolute strain and temperature data from the perspective of the Brillouin optical frequency domain analysis (BOFDA) technology, and outlines the need for a clear definition and a standardization scheme to make the terms dynamic range and optical budget comparable between different instruments and technologies. Data from field applications in concrete pile monitoring is used to discuss the above aspects.

KEYWORDS: Distributed fiber-optic Brillouin sensing, BOFDA, Spatial resolution, Dynamic range

State-of-the Art of Geotechnical Monitoring with Geodetic Techniques

W. Lienhart

ABSTRACT: This paper presents state-of-the-art knowledge on upheaval buckling, providing an overview on commonly used upheaval buckling soil models, latest uplift resistance results from experimental and numerical studies, investigations into the factors affecting the uplift resistance of soils and recommendations for design. The paper addresses the uplift resistance for both onshore and offshore pipelines. For onshore pipelines, the backfill soil cover could be dry, fully saturated or partially saturated. Thus, insight into the effects of degree of soil saturation on the uplift resistance is provided. For offshore pipelines, predicting the uplift resistance of buried pipelines has been a challenge due to uncertainty and randomness in the nature of soil cover created by various pipe burial techniques. This paper provides guidelines, supported by published literature, on the uplift resistance of different types of backfills such as sands, clays and blocky clays. An insight into the cyclic ratcheting mechanism, which is the driving mechanism leading to UHB pipeline failures, is also provided. It is expected that the paper will be a valuable source of information for designers and consultants undertaking pipeline designs both onshore and offshore.

KEYWORDS: Upheaval Buckling, Uplift resistance, Pipelines, Cyclic Ratcheting

Performance Assessment and Failure Prediction of Corroded Cast Iron Pipes

P. Rajeev and D. Robert

ABSTRACT: The increasing failure rate in deteriorating pipe and unplanned failures will increase economical loss and social impact. One of the important tasks in the asset management framework is to estimate the pipe stress of a certain pipe section subjected to operational loads and corrosion. These factors may, however, be considered uncertain not only at a given point of time, but also have substantial time variance. The probability of structural failure of pipes can be estimated using Monte Carlo type simulation conjunction with pipe stress analysis models. This paper assess the pipe performance using different pipe stress prediction models and 3-D finite element analysis. Further, the effect of corrosion was modelled and incorporated with stress prediction models to assess the pipe performance over the lifetime. Finally, the probability of failure was computed and discussed in application with a case study of buried cast iron pipe subjected to external corrosion and loadings.

KEYWORDS: Cast iron, corrosion, pipe, probability of failure, asset management, numerical analysis

Comparative Study of Distributed Sensors for Strain Monitoring of Pipelines

B. Glisic

ABSTRACT: Natural calamities such as landslides, sinkholes, and earthquakes, as well as man-induced events such as vandalism and terrorist acts, can cause significant deformation and damage to pipelines with potentially devastating humanitarian, social, economic, and ecologic consequences. Therefore, a real-time assessment of the condition of pipelines during and after such events is crucial. Distributed fibre optic technologies are ideal candidates for monitoring pipelines, due to their large spatial range, and relatively small spatial resolution. Nevertheless, practical manufacturing and implementation of distributed strain sensors, as well as their response to various actions is not yet fully understood. The aim of this paper is to compare performances of different distributed fibre optic strain sensors in terms of strain transfer quality, costs, and implementation approaches. Comparison is made qualitatively, based on experience, and quantitatively, through large-scale testing, by simultaneously exposing different sensors bonded on the pipeline wall and embedded in the soil in its proximity, to various levels of artificially induced permanent ground movement.

KEYWORDS: Distributed fibre optic strain sensors, Pipeline monitoring, Strain and deformation monitoring, Strain transfer, Large-scale testing

Instrumented Laterally Loaded Pile Test using Distributed Fibre Optic Sensor

H. Mohamad, B.P. Tee, M.F. Chong, K.A. Ang, A.S.A. Rashid and R.A. Abdullah

ABSTRACT: Instrumented horizontal pile load test is widely used to evaluate lateral soil resistances/parameters and to verify design assumptions. Recent technological advancement of optical fibre sensing has led new ways in measuring the lateral load-deflection profile. The distributed sensing, namely Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analysis (BOTDA) is a novel technique of measuring strains in a spatially continuous manner. By installing distributed fibre optic strain sensing cables, continuous strain profile and deflection curve throughout the pile can be obtained. The objective of this article is to present one of the earliest deployment of BOTDA optical fibre sensors in lateral pile load test in Malaysia under offshore environment and share invaluable lessons learned from the instrumentation process. Installation method, lateral load test setup and data interpretation are also discussed. The computed lateral pile load-deflection profile was in excellent agreement with the measured pile top deflection using displacement sensors. The location of cracks detected based on continuous strain profile was also in good agreement with result of Low Strain Integrity Testing.

KEYWORDS: BOTDA, Pile instrumentation, Lateral load, Marine structure

Distributed Fibre Optic Sensing for Monitoring Reinforced Concrete Piles

C. Kechavarzi, L. Pelecanos, N. de Battista and K. Soga

ABSTRACT: Distributed fibre optic sensing (DFOS) presents several advantages over traditional point sensors, for measuring strain and temperature in civil and geotechnical infrastructure. DFOS techniques use light transmitted through an optical fibre to enable measurements to be taken all along an embedded or surface-mounted fibre optic cable, which can be up to several kilometres long. This makes DFOS particularly useful for monitoring linear structures and to detect the potential existence of any anomalies which are usually unpredictable. Hence, DFOS has gained in popularity for monitoring reinforced concrete piles, especially during pile testing.
The spatially continuous strain data from DFOS provide detailed information about load transfer along the pile but can also be used to calculate vertical displacements and shaft friction through numerical integration and differentiation, which are useful for validating relevant performance-based numerical models. This paper introduces the methodology and illustrates these advantages through an example obtained from an instrumented pile load test in London. While it synthesises a number of lessons learned in the application of DFOS for pile testing, it also supports the case for routine long-term monitoring of working piles.

KEYWORDS: Distributed fibre optic sensing, Pile load test, Strain, Shaft friction, Monitoring

State-of-the Art Knowledge on Upheaval Buckling of Buried Pipelines

Indrasenan Thusyanthan and Dilan Robert

ABSTRACT: This paper presents state-of-the-art knowledge on upheaval buckling, providing an overview on commonly used upheaval buckling soil models, latest uplift resistance results from experimental and numerical studies, investigations into the factors affecting the uplift resistance of soils and recommendations for design. The paper addresses the uplift resistance for both onshore and offshore pipelines. For onshore pipelines, the backfill soil cover could be dry, fully saturated or partially saturated. Thus, insight into the effects of degree of soil saturation on the uplift resistance is provided. For offshore pipelines, predicting the uplift resistance of buried pipelines has been a challenge due to uncertainty and randomness in the nature of soil cover created by various pipe burial techniques. This paper provides guidelines, supported by published literature, on the uplift resistance of different types of backfills such as sands, clays and blocky clays. An insight into the cyclic ratcheting mechanism, which is the driving mechanism leading to UHB pipeline failures, is also provided. It is expected that the paper will be a valuable source of information for designers and consultants undertaking pipeline designs both onshore and offshore.

KEYWORDS: Upheaval Buckling, Uplift resistance, Pipelines, Cyclic Ratcheting

Cost Effective Free Span Rectification for Offshore Pipelines

Indrasenan Thusyanthan

ABSTRACT: Offshore pipelines often experience free spans due to uneven seabed, local scour or a storm event. When free span lengths are beyond acceptable limits, vortex induced vibrations (VIV) can cause pipelines to undergo fatigue damage and severely reduce the pipeline’s design life. Therefore, surface laid offshore pipelines are periodically surveyed to ensure that there are no free spans that are beyond the acceptable limit. When such free spans are identified, they are rectified immediately, often by grout bags. While grout bag use is a standard solution for free span rectification, it does not always provide a long-term remedy to free spans. Often lines rectified by grout bags needs further free span rectification the following year. The onset of more free spans and the need for rectification cycle often continues annually when grout bags are used. This paper presents a cost effective long-term free span rectification method known as “Pipeline Lowering.” This unique solution will ensure the free span rectification is a long-term fix compared to grout bags that may be affected by scour and wave loadings. This paper provides vital technical knowledge for pipeline engineers, contractors and operators who need to ensure free spans are rectified safely and efficiently.

KEYWORDS: Free span rectification, Pipelines, Seabed, Mass flow excavator

Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors for Strain and Deformation Monitoring of Pipelines and Penstocks

D. Inaudi

ABSTRACT: Pipeline and penstock management present challenges that are quite unique. Their long length, high value, high risk and often difficult access conditions require continuous monitoring and optimizing maintenance interventions. One of the main concerns for pipeline owners involves the development of excessive strain due to external action, potentially leading to cracking or buckling. The onset of those strain hot-spots can be detected and localized using distributed fiber-optic sensors. Additionally, pipeline strain distribution and soil movement can be identified using the same technology. The aim of this review paper is to present the main technologies used for distributed strain and deformation monitoring of pipelines or penstocks and illustrate their applications through several application examples.

KEYWORDS: Distributed Sensing, Optical Fiber Sensors, Pipeline monitoring, Penstock monitoring, Deformation monitoring

A Methodology for Identification of Pipe Failure Hotspots

Ravin N Deo, Chunshun Zhang, Jian Ji, Suranji Rathnayaka, Benjamin Shannon, Jayantha K Kodikara

ABSTRACT: This study provides a methodology that can be utilised for identifying pipe sections, which can be considered under high risk of failure. Application of the proposed methodology is demonstrated using a case study involving an in-service large (~1.7 km) critical water main in Sydney, Australia. Geospatial features from Google Earth ProTM and Google Street ViewTM were used to assess and quantify typical urban environmental attributes, which can be used for identifying pipe failure hotspot locations. Failure history was used to verify the basis of the methodology developed. It was demonstrated that a sound assessment of the pipe conditions is possible through inexpensive geospatial feature analysis. This development can greatly enhance and reduce costs associated with current pipe condition assessment processes.

KEYWORDS: Pipe failure, Corrosion, Hotspots, Condition assessment, Geospatial platform

ADYTrack: Development of a Railroad Trackbed Model and Parametric Study of Track Modulus

Asif Arshid, Ying Huang, and Denver Tolliver

ABSTRACT: Deformation prediction of railroad trackbed has always been a challenge for the railroad designers and engineers. There are many complex interactions take place simultaneously between superstructure and subgrade of railways trackbed, which simply make the deformation predictions harder. Numerical models offer an alternative to simulate the performance of the substructure of railroad with considerable accuracy. In this paper, a finite element based three-dimensional (3D) model has been developed in MATLAB. This model has the capability to study the effects of track modulus, subgrade modulus, interactions between track and soil, the track geometry, and the wheel loads. The rails and ties are modelled as two node beam (line) elements and the substructure (ballast, subgrade etc.) is modelled as eight node isoperimetric hexahedron brick elements. The rail-tie interaction is modelled using a liner elastic spring elements. The model was first calibrated against an identical model built ANSYS (APDL), a reliable commercial software. The results of the ADYTrack are further validated with other numerical models and full-scale field test results reported in the literature. Following successful validation, a detailed parametric study is conducted to study the response of track modulus for a typical All-Granular trackbed using practical range of values for the variables involved. Numerical analysis showed that subgrade resilient modulus substantially impacts the track modulus. Furthermore, the depth of the ballast, moment of inertia of rail beams and tie spacing reasonably affected the track modulus, in a decreasing order.

KEYWORDS: Railroad, Numerical Models, Finite Element Analysis, Subgrade Soil, Track Modulus

Leakage-induced Pipeline Stressing and its Potential Detection by Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing

A. Klar, A., Linker, R. and Herrmann, S.

ABSTRACT: The paper aims to develop an approximated analytical solution to model the bending moment profile in a sewage pipe, buried within an unsaturated soil, which occurs as a result of a leak. The solution involves evaluation of the greenfield displacements due to a buried point source, and its use as an input to a soil-pipeline interaction problem. The solution is extended for a general wetted sphere (having different degree of saturation with the radial distance). The final model is tested against finite element simulations of the coupled problem without the simplified assumptions and approximations, and is found to be satisfactory. The work may be considered a first step towards realization of a distributed fiber optic sensing system that, together with an appropriate spatial signal analysis, could identify leaks at their early stage. The current analysis indicates that the developed strain signal (and its profile) could be detectable for leaks having liquid loss as little as 300 to 500 liters.

KEYWORDS: Pipelines, Leaks, Soil-pipe interaction, Elastic solution, Sewage

Smart Geosynthetics based on Distributed Fiber-optic Sensors in Geotechnical Engineering

A. Wosniok and K. Krebber

ABSTRACT: Smart geosynthetics with embedded optical fibers as distributed sensors provide solutions both for applications in geotechnical engineering and for cost-effective monitoring of critical infrastructures. The incorporation of glass or polymer optical fibers (GOFs or POFs) in geotextiles and geogrids allows early detection of mechanical deformations, temperature and humidity. This paper presents selected examples of smart geosynthetics based on Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering effects in incorporated fiber optic sensors for monitoring of large geotechnical structures like dikes, dams, railways, embankments or slopes. The focus of the presented work is on real field tests of measurement capability with respect to the chosen measurement principle and used fiber type.

KEYWORDS: Smart geosynthetics, Fiber optic sensor, Distributed sensing, Glass optical fiber (GOF), Polymer optical fiber (POF)

Loss of Flexibility in Geosynthetics Subjected to Chemical Exposure: Experiments, Constitutive Models and Computations and Estimates for Contaminant Leakage

A. P.S. Selvadurai

ABSTRACT: The paper presents results of recent research related to the development of advanced mathematical models for describing the behaviour of strain rate sensitive materials such as geosynthetics that are used extensively as barriers to the migration of contaminants and other hazardous materials. The important finding of the research is that the leaching of the plasticizer from the geosynthetic can lead to a loss of hyperelasticity of the material, which is a key functional requirement for a geosynthetic. It is also shown that constitutive models can be developed to describe the mechanical behaviour of the geosynthetic in its virgin state and upon direct exposure to pure ethanol for thirteen months. A computational approach is used to evaluate the results of separate laboratory experiments involving transverse indentation of geosynthetic membranes that are fixed along a circular boundary and tested in either its untreated state or after prolonged exposure to ethanol.

KEYWORDS: Geosynthetics, Loss of plasticizer, Constitutive modelling, Membrane indentation tests, Computational modelling

Monitoring of Buried Pipeline using Distributed Fibre Optic Technologies: Combined Acoustic-Temperature-Strain sensing

C. Prohasky, R. Vivekanantham, P.Rajeev, H. Bao, and S. Roy

ABSTRACT: This paper presents the development of distributed optical fiber sensing system, which combined acoustic-temperature-strain sensing to enhance the condition monitoring of buried pipeline. The developed optical fiber system was tested using the 140 m long pipe-soil test facility built in the Hawk testing yard. Cement lined steel pipes with the diameter of 100 mm and 500 mm were buried at the depth of 800 mm and optical fiber cables were attached at four different locations around the pipe section. The pipe section was also instrumented with contact microphones to detect the acoustic signal. Various size of leaks were made along the pipe section and monitored using the acoustic signal and temperature sensing. Both acoustic and temperature sensing detected the leak reliably with required accuracy up to distance of 40 km. Using the combination of acoustic and temperature helped confirm the leak and reduce the false positives.

KEYWORDS: Brillouin scattering, Rayleigh scattering, Raman scattering, Distributed sensor, COTDR, Buried pipe

Benefits of Standards for Fiber-optic Sensors in Soil-structure Interaction

W. R. Habel and J. K. Jeyapalan

ABSTRACT: Measurement and data recording systems are important parts of a holistic Soil-Structure Interaction Health Monitoring (SSIHM) system. New sensor technologies such as fiber-optic sensors (FOS) are regarded at times as experimental despite the strong track record; standards or at least guidelines not being widely available internationally has always been an impediment. This lack in standardization makes the acceptance of FOS technologies in SSIHM systems more difficult. Some success has been made in publishing first standards to fill this gap over the past decade. Much more effort is needed in this area and this paper gives an overview of what has been accomplished, what is in progress, and what obstacles were along the way. A case is made for a truly independent standard writing platform that can govern itself for the fiber-optic sensing industry composed of its sellers, buyers and subject matter experts.

KEYWORDS: Fiber-optic sensor, distributed sensor, standard, temperature, strain, monitoring

Rational Methods of Steel Pipe Design Accounting for Poor Native Soils and Soil Migration

J. K. Jeyapalan, G. Leonhardt, P. Rajeev, and A. M. Britto

ABSTRACT: In poor native soils there is always a concern whether sufficient embedment support around the haunch and spring line level exists to prevent over-deflection of steel pipe. Engineers become confused given the two extreme positions on trench width – steel pipe suppliers advocating two pipe diameters while a government agency like U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) recommending the use of five pipe diameters. Methods from the German ATV A127 or Leonhardt, rely on a ratio of the side fill En’ to the embedment Eb’ and the ratio of the trench width to the outer diameter of the pipe to select site specific trench width. When pipe suppliers quote Marston’s work on rigid concrete pipe from 1913, to make their case that a relatively narrow trench is better in poor native soils even for flexible steel pipe, they introduce the risk of inducing the buyers to ask – has the pipeline industry not seen new developments over the past 100 plus years? This paper reviews the fallacies surrounding various methods on how to cope with poor trench wall conditions and provides a rational method. This paper also covers the phenomenon of soil migration, its significance in buried pipeline design and performance and the adverse consequences if not considered.

KEYWORDS: Steel pipe, Embedment, Native soil, Combined E’, Soil migration

Technical Challenges and Solutions for Super-Long Mountainous Tunnels at Great Depth

Yan Jinxiu

ABSTRACT: There are various technical challenges faced by the construction of super-long mountainous tunnels at great depth, and also a series of new requirements for tunnelling arising from such aspects as geological investigation, construction duration, special geological conditions (high ground stress, high geothermal temperature and high-pressure groundwater), disaster prevention & evacuation and social development. Based on an analysis of the above-mentioned technical challenges, this paper presents technical views on solutions to those challenges and specifies the objectives of related technical development in the future. To improve the validity and accuracy of the geophysical prospecting, it is necessary to not only increase the accuracy of ground geophysical exploration at great depth, but also carry out research on the application of such techniques to tunnel investigation as airborne geophysical prospecting and HDD combined with borehole geophysical exploration. To maximize the benefits of tunnel projects, it is of importance that more attention should be paid to those issues relating to the tunnel design concept, such as the multiple functions of tunnel projects, energy saving and emission reduction, and environmental protection. As for tunnel support theories, in addition to optimizing the current theories, some unconventionally new lining theories need to be put forth to make the tunnel structure more durable and economical. It is also suggested that, in terms of construction, sustained efforts should be put into the development of innovative tunnelling techniques for a better, faster and more economical tunnelling, as well as the realization of intelligent mechanized tunnelling. When it comes to operation, it is obvious that there will be a trend towards intelligent maintenance in the future.

KEYWORDS: Tunnels at great depth; Super-long tunnels; Mountainous tunnels; Technical challenges; Solutions; Development trend

Risk Analysis and Countermeasure Study of Shield Tunnelling in Karst Stratum of China

Zhong Changping, Zhu Weibin, Huang Weiran, Zhu Siran and Xu Minghui

ABSTRACT: In China, many cities have the experience of shield construction practice in Karst stratum, such as Guangzhou, Nanning, Changsha, Wuxi and Dalian. In the Karst area, there are many construction risks such as groundwater inflow, sand inflow, surface subsidence, cutter head damage and expulsion-retarded of slurry shield. Based on the analysis of the development mechanism of the Karst and the practice of the shield tunneling in the Karst stratum of Guangzhou and Nanning Metro, this paper analyses the main risks in the process of shield tunneling, and according to concrete construction risks, it proposes concrete controlling measures from the aspects of planning of the line shallow buried, the pretreatment of the Karst cave and shield selection and construction control, which provides significant guidelines for the shield tunneling under the similar Karst stratum condition.

KEYWORDS: Karst stratum, Shield tunneling, Risk analysis, Countermeasure study

K. R. Massarsch1 and C. Wersäll2

ABSTRACT: Vibrators are used increasingly in the foundation industry, primarily for installation of piles and sheet piles, but also for deep vibratory compaction. Fundamentals of vibratory driving are described that make it possible to choose vibrator performance parameters based on field monitoring and performance control. Variable frequency and amplitude vibrators have become available that make it possible to adapt the driving process to project-specific requirements. The components of modern electronic measuring systems are detailed that can be used to monitor, control, and document different aspects of vibratory driving. Two examples are presented—vibratory driving of sheet piles and resonance compaction—which show how the performance of vibrators and sheet piles can be analysed and adapted to meet specific requirements. By using the advanced monitoring and process control systems, the efficiency of vibratory driving is enhanced. From the retrieved parameters, a better understanding of the vibratory driving process is gained, which can be used to develop a valuable database.

KEYWORDS: Vibrator, Pile, Sheet pile, Compaction, Ground vibration, Monitoring.

Load-movement Response by t-z and q-z Functions

Bengt H. Fellenius1 and Mohammad Manzur Rahman2

ABSTRACT: A static loading test provides more than a single-point value, “capacity”. The primary use of a loading test is to show the load- movement response of the pile-and-soil system in order to assist in analysis of the transfer of a supported load to the soil. A pile is composed of a series of short lengths (elements) that are affected by shaft shear or toe stress, expressed as a relation of stress (load) versus movement for the element. The response of the soil around a pile element is expressed in load-transfer functions. The response of a pile head, that is, the actual pile load-movement curve, is the sum of the response of a series of individual pile elements. Fitting the theoretical load-movement response to actual test results by trial-and-error applying a series of shaft (t-z) functions and a toe (q-z) function, enables a calibration of a pile and site that serves to establish the load-transfer conditions of a piled foundation needed for determining what short and long-term settlement the foundation will experience. Thus, a crude “capacity” assessment will not do. Eight functions for modeling strain-hardening and strain- softening response are presented in the paper and their use in fitting theoretical to actual results is illustrated.

KEYWORDS:  Load-movement response, t-z and q-z function, Test simulation.

Common Mistakes in Static Loading-test Procedures and Result Analyses

Bengt H. Fellenius1 and Ba N. Nguyen2

ABSTRACT: Static loading tests on piles are arranged in many different ways ranging from quick tests to slow test, from constant-rate-of- penetration to maintained load, from straight loading to cyclic loading, to mention just a few basic differences. Frequently, the testing schedule includes variations of the size of the load increments and duration of load-holding, and occasional unloading-reloading events. Unfortunately, instrumenting test piles and performing the test while still using unequal size of load increments, duration of load-holding, and adding unloading-reloading events will adversely affect the means for determine reliable results from the instrumentation records. A couple of case histories are presented to show issues arising from improper procedures involving unequal load increments, different load-holding durations, and unloading and reloading events—indeed, to demonstrate how not to do. The review has shown that an instrumented static loading test, be it a head-down test or a bidirectional test, performed, as it should, in a series of equal load increments, held constant for equal time, and incorporation no unloading-reloading event, will provide data more suitable for analysis than a test performed with unequal increments, unequal load-holding, and incorporating an unloading-reloading event. No useful information is obtained from prolonging the holding time for the maximum load.

KEYWORDS: Pile, Load test, Strain, Extensometer, Tangent stiffness, Load cycle.

Stiffening Effect on End Bearing Granular Piles

M. R. Madhav1, Jitendra Kumar Sharma2 and Vaibhaw Garg3

ABSTRACT: The performance of ground improement using granular piles (GP) is limited by its low strength and stiffness. If GPs are partially strengthened and stiffened near the ground surface, their overall performance gets enhanced several fold. Stiffening of GP can be achieved by replacing partially the upper portion of GPs with material having higher strength and deformation modulus, e.g. by geo-synthetic encased columns, SDCM (stiffened deep cement mixing), etc. Analyses of a single and group of two partially stiffened end bearing GPs is presented in terms of top settlement influence factor, settlement interaction factor for two-pile group, settlement reduction factor, percentage load transferred to the base, variation of normalized shear stress distribution along the length of the pile. Settlement influence factor decreases while the percentage load transferred to the base of increases with increase in the relative stiffness factor and the relative length of stiffening from top of the partially stiffened GP, both for single as well as for two pile group.

KEYWORDS: Relative stiffness of bearing stratum, Relative stiffness of granular pile, Setlement influence factor, Settlement interaction factor, and Settlement reduction factor

Long-term Behaviour of Piled Raft with DMW Grid on Reclaimed Land

K. Yamashita1, T. Tanikawa2 and A. Uchida3

ABSTRACT: This paper offers a case history of a friction piled raft, supporting a four-story parking garage on reclaimed land. The subsoil consists of filled sand and alluvial loose sand which have the potential for liquefaction. Hence, grid-form cement deep mixing walls were employed as a countermeasure of liquefaction with the piled raft. Below the sand layers, there are very-soft to medium alluvial clay layers, which are normally consolidated or under-consolidated, and the depth of the dense sand layer changes markedly near the center of the site. To reduce the differential settlement due to consolidation of the clay, 152 friction piles of different length were employed. To corroborate the foundation design, field monitoring on the foundation settlement and the load sharing between the piles and the raft was performed. The measured settlements and the maximum angular rotation of the raft about 12 years after the end of the construction were within acceptable limits. Furthermore, at the time of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake, no significant change in effective contact pressure between the raft and the unimproved sand was observed after the event, which confirms that the effectiveness of the grid-form DMWs as a countermeasure of liquefaction.

KEYWORDS: Piled raft, Grid-form DMWs, Consolidation settlement, Monitoring, Liquefaction, The 2011 Tohoku Earthquake

In-situ Full Scale Load Tests and Estimation Method of Pile Resistance for Nodular Diaphragm Wall Supporting High-rise Tower

K. Watanabe1 and T. Sudo2

ABSTRACT: In recent years, the height and weight of buildings have increased; a trend noticeable especially in the central urban areas of Japan. Additionally, overturning moments from earthquakes and wind loads cause tensile and compressive forces to occur in pile and wall foundations. These situations result in the development of new types of foundations for high-rise superstructures. The nodular diaphragm wall is one type of such foundation; the nodular part is located at the middle depth. The study presented here was to evaluate the applicability of the nodular diaphragm wall for high-rise towers. A review of foundations similar to the nodular diaphragm wall was first made, followed by an outline description of the high-rise tower. The tension and compression load tests performed on the foundation elements are then presented, and finally a discussion of the design formula for the nodular diaphragm wall.

KEYWORDS: Nodular diaphragm wall, High-rise tower, In-situ full-scale load test, Tension resistance, Compression resistance

Three-dimensional Finite Element Analyses of Barrette Piles under Compression and Uplift Loads with Field Data Assessments

D.W.   Chang1, C. Lin2, T.Y. Wang3, Y.K. Lin4, F.C. Lu5 and C.J. Kuo6

ABSTRACT: This paper presents the three-dimensional finite element modeling of barrette piles in clayey and sandy soils, in which the piles are subjected to statically compressive and uplift loads. Load displacement curves and load transfers were monitored and compared to solutions from one-dimensional finite difference analysis. Capacities of the barrette piles were examined by interpretation methods and bearing capacity equations. Pile load test data of barrette piles located in Xingyi District, Taipei Basin was used for simulation. It was found that the conventional bearing capacity equations are applicable to barrette piles. The interface elements between pile and soils were found to significantly affect the results. Finite element analysis can provide more complete solutions when compared with finite difference analysis. It was also found that the soil frictions due to pile uplift in soft clays at Taipei Basin were underestimated when using common strength reduction ratios.

KEYWORDS: Barrette pile, Finite element analysis, Finite difference analysis, Pile load test, Interpretation method

AUT: Geo-CPT & Pile Database

Updates and Implementations for Pile Geotechnical Design

A.  Eslami1, S. Moshfeghi2, S. Heidari3, F. Valikhah4

ABSTRACT: Due to uncertainties in geomaterial properties and modelling, a detailed and precise data source can significantly improve reliability indices. Accordingly, to facilitate quantifying the uncertainties, there are currently several databases in the realm of piling and CPT. AUT (Amirkabir University of Technology): Geo-CPT&Pile Database was initially developed in 2015 by 466 case records including pile and CPT records. At present, it is updated to the total number of 600 case records which is partly accessible online. Aiming at pile performance- based design, risk analyses and evaluation of optimum safety factor have been examined based on value engineering by Wasted Capacity Index (WCI). Subsequently, the performance of direct and indirect CPT methods for pile bearing capacity estimation has been assessed focusing on reliability-based approaches. In addition, a methodology was employed to predict the load-displacement and bearing capacity of driven piles interactively. Finally, an algorithm is implemented for pile geotechnical performance-based design through a selected database considering probabilistic, reliability and risk assessments.

KEYWORDS: AUT: Geo-CPT & Pile Database, Pile Capacity, CPT-based Methods, Performance-Based Design (PBD)

Drilled Shaft Grouting Effectiveness in Mekong Delta

Hai M.N.1, Anand J.P.2, Long D.P.3 and Trung T.N.4

ABSTRACT: In recent years, the post shaft-grouting technique has been used prevailingly for improving the drilled shaft bearing capacity of the high-rise building foundation projects in Mekong River basin of Vietnam. However, the effectiveness of the post shaft-grouting works for the drilled shafts is rarely obtained as expected. This paper will present results of bidirectional tests on the non-grouted and grouted shafts of the Lancaster Lincoln high-rise building project in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, performed in 2016. The test shafts had diameter of 1.5 m and were constructed to 85 m depth below ground surface. The shaft grouting was performed along about 49 m above the drilled shaft toe level. The bidirectional load test results and the analysis shows that the unit shaft resistances of the sand and clay layers were increased about 150 and 300 percent after grouting, respectively.

KEYWORDS: Shaft grouting, Bidirectional load test, Movements, Strain, Shaft resistance, load distribution, Elastic Shortening

Design of Axially-loaded Piles: Experimental Evidence from 400 Field Tests

A.  Mandolini1 and R. Di Laora2

ABSTRACT: This work is aimed at furnishing an experimental support to the design of axially-loaded piles, taking advantage of an extensive database of pile load tests carried out in different sites nearby Napoli, in South Italy. Experimental data consist of nearly 400 full-scale pile load tests, some of them reaching large values of settlement. Different construction methods, including Non-Displacement, CFA and Displacement piles, have been used. The main results of the work consist in furnishing experimentally-derived rules and indications for pile design. With regards to failure loads, mobilization curves relating properly normalized values of load and settlement are proposed as function of the installation technique; indications on the bearing capacity of piles as function of geometry and technology are also provided. Initial stiffness of piles is investigated, identifying a rule of thumb for a rapid assessment, function solely of pile diameter and valid regardless of length and specific properties of pile and soil material.

KEYWORDS: Piles, Load test, Full-scale experiment, Axial stiffness, Axial bearing capacity

The Use of Equivalent Circular Piles to Model the Behaviour of Rectangular Barrette Foundations

H.G. Poulos1, H.S.W. Chow2 and J.C. Small3

ABSTRACT: Barrettes having rectangular cross-sections can be analysed using finite elements, but this requires a three-dimensional non- linear computation which can be time consuming. Therefore, in this paper, the use of simple means of analysis based on conventional piles of circular cross-section is examined. Equivalent dimensions are chosen for the circular piles to represent the barrette, and the behaviour of the equivalent piles is compared to finite element results for the barrettes. It is shown that for single barrettes and groups of barrettes under either vertical or lateral load, it is possible to model barrette behaviour approximately but adequately using equivalent circular piles.

KEYWORDS: Barrettes, Equivalent pile, Finite element analysis, Pile groups, Vertical load, Lateral load

Analysis of Thermo-Mechanical Behaviour of Energy Piles

G. Russo2, R.M.S. Maiorano1and G. Marone2

ABSTRACT: The use of pile foundations as heat exchangers in combination with heat pump conditioning systems are becoming increasingly popular. Quite a large number of small scale laboratory tests and field scale experiments are available and allow to gain an insight in the mechanisms governing pile-soil interaction under thermo-mechanical loading. In the paper, numerical FEM simulations are carried out on published experimental small scale laboratory tests. The paper focus is on the load-settlement relationship and on the load-transfer curves with depth. The tests show that under purely cyclic thermal loading reversible strains are predominant, while the preliminary application of an axial load causes the development of irreversible deformations during the thermal loading. Numerical FEM simulations carried out with two different constitutive soil models confirm such a finding. A simple procedure to calibrate the model’s parameters is proposed and validated.

KEYWORDS: Energy piles; Finite element modelling; Pile testing; Thermo-mechanical behaviour.

A Method to Estimate Shaft and Base Responses of a Pile from Pile Load Test Results

Madhav Madhira1and Kota Vijay Kiran2

ABSTRACT: A practical method for estimating initial shaft and base stiffnesses and ultimate shaft and base resistances of a pile from pile load test results has been proposed. The method employs hyperbolic relationships for the non-linear responses of shaft and base resistances, which are solved using iterative procedures to arrive convergence. A large number of empirical correlations are reported in the literature but many-a-times they either under-estimate or overestimate the pile response. Similarly, numerical tools that can predict shaft and base resistances typically would depend on the expertise of the engineer and also based on various input parameters. Thus, the applicability of the tools therefore too is uncertain. The present method discussed in this paper, would help engineers to estimate shaft and base responses of the actual site using the initial Pile load test results. The analytical solutions of the method are discussed in detail and the proposed method is applied to few load – displacement data available from pile load test results to illustrate its efficacy.

KEYWORDS: Pile capacity, Load test, Compressive load, Settlements, Shaft and base responses

Technical Issues on Static Load Tests on Barrettes and Bored Piles

K. Watanabe1, T. Hosoi2, S. Matsushita3, A. S. Balasubramaniam4, and R. N. Hwang5

ABSTRACT: This paper addresses to 1) Characteristic of slurry and mechanism of forming cakes, 2) Effects of the shapes of piles on load capacities, and 3) Modulus of elasticity of concrete. The results of laboratory tests on the strengths of mud cakes formed of bentonite slurry and polymer slurry are discussed. Also discussed are the results of loading tests on bored piles and barrettes with and with nodules. It has been found that the mud cakes formed of polymer slurry offer larger frictional resistance to shearing than bentonite slurry. It has also been found that nodules on piles will increase the load capacities of piles drastically. Furthermore, equations are proposed for calculating the moduli of elasticity of concrete based on the axial loads and stains obtained in pile load tests.

KEYWORDS: Slurry effect, Polymer slurry, Friction resistance, Cake, Slurry management, Shape effect, Non-uniform shaft pile, Under-reamed piles, Elastic modulus

Piled Raft on Sandy Soil- An Extensive Study

V. Balakumar1, Min. J. Huang2, Erwin Oh3, Richard Hwang4 and A. S. Balasubramaniam5

ABSTRACT: In recent years, designers have recognized that in addition to bearing capacity, settlement of foundations must be taken into account. To reduce settlement of buildings, piled raft appears to be a solution for structures found on soft ground. To investigate the performance of piled rafts, model tests have been conducted on circular, square and rectangular raft supported on piles with different spacings between piles. Numerical analyses were carried out to verify the results obtained in the model tests. The performance of a 14-story building was analysed to compare with the settlement readings obtained. The results of numerical analyses appear to be very encouraging as the results of the analyses well agree with the results of model tests, as well as the settlement readings collected in 790 days for this 14-story building. The value of numerical analyses in back analyses and in prediction of settlement of buildings has thus been confirmed.

KEYWORDS: Piled raft, ANSYS, Compressible layer

Finite Element Modelling of a Bidirectional Pile Test in Vietnam

Phung Duc Long1 and B. William Cheang2

ABSTRACT: Static loading test on single piles for verification is commonly required, yet very expensive and difficult to perform, especially for the large-diameter bored piles. The bidirectional test, also-called Osterberg cell test, is nowadays very common in Vietnam. The Finite Element Method (FEM), which is a reliable tool for simulating loading tests, can also be used to model a bi-directional pile test. In this paper, FEM is used for modelling a bidirectional test on a 2.5m-diameter, 80m long bored pile at the Cao Lanh cable-stayed bridge in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. The FEM results are compared with the monitored data obtained from the bi-directional test. The comparison showed that FEM can be an effective and reliable tool in this case. The FEM is performed using PLAXIS 2D.

KEYWORDS: Numerical analysis, Bidirectional test, Axial bearing capacity, Single pile, FEM

A FEM Assessment on the use of t-z and q-z Functions for Deep Foundations

Q.J. Ong1, S.A. Tan2

ABSTRACT: Load-movement t-z and q-z functions have been established and widely accepted as a tool to characterise pile shaft and toe resistances respectively. The functions are best used to represent a short element along the pile. But the question remains whether these functions depend on pile diameter and pile depth. This paper discusses the soil-structure interaction and load transfer mechanisms of a single pile and reviews the theoretical basis of the t-z and q-z functions. The bearing behaviour of a single circular footing under various conditions was also investigated and compared against the toe behaviour of piles. Linear elastic and Mohr-Coulomb soils are used for this study to investigate stress versus normalized movement curves for pile behaviour.

Keywords: Shallow foundation, Deep foundation, Piling, t-z, q-z

Shaft Resistance of Shaft-grouted Bored Piles and Barrettes Recently Constructed in Ho Chi Minh City

T.D. Nguyen1*, V.Q. Lai2, D.L. Phung3, T.P. Duong4

ABSTRACT: Recent years, several high-rise buildings have been constructed in Ho Chi Minh city, the largest and most dynamic city in Vietnam. The city is located in the Saigon-Dongnai River delta, where, especially in the central districts, bored piles and barrettes for the high- rise buildings need to be large and socketed in alluvial deposits at large depths. Shaft-grouting technique has been recently applied to increase shaft resistance of the bored piles and barrettes. This paper briefly presents latest shaft grouting technique applied to bored piles and barrettes in the city. A database of head down and bidirectional tests on well-instrumented grouted and not-grouted bored piles and barrettes was analysed to evaluate the enhancement of shaft resistance. Correlations between the ultimate unit shaft resistance (ru) with the SPT N60 value indicated that the ru-value of grouted piles in both clayey and sandy soils was on average two times larger than that of not grouted piles. Estimated ru- values obtained from b-method recommended in practice compared well with those obtained from the instrumented piles.

KEYWORDS: Bored piles, Barrettes, Shaft Grouting, Shaft resistance

Geotechnical Engineering Journal of the SEAGS & AGSSEA
Vol. 50 No. 3 September 2019 ISSN 0046-5828

Bengt Fellenius Issue

Guest Editor: Dr.Phung Duc Long (Lead Editor), Prof Der Wen Chang & Dr T Hosoi

Review Team: Prof Harry G Poulos , Prof Rainer Massarsch, Dr Jayantha Ameratunga

Sponsored by: Asian Institute of Technology

Contents and Abstracts

Monitoring and Process Control of Vibratory Driving (1-10)
by K. R. Massarsch and C. Wersäll

Load-movement Response by t-z and q-z Functions (11-19)
by Bengt H. Fellenius and Mohammad Manzur Rahman

Common Mistakes in Static Loading-test Procedures and Result Analyses (20-31)
by Bengt H. Fellenius and Ba N. Nguyen

Stiffening Effect on End Bearing Granular Piles (32-40)
by M. R. Madhav, B. Jitendra Kumar Sharma and A. Vaibhaw Garg

Long-term Behaviour of Piled Raft with DMW Grid on Reclaimed Land (41-47)
by K. Yamashita, T. Tanikawa and A. Uchida

In-situ Full Scale Load Tests and Estimation Method of Pile Resistance for Nodular Diaphragm Wall Supporting High-rise Tower (48-57)
by K. Watanabe and T. Sudo

Three-dimensional Finite Element Analyses of Barrette Piles under Compression and Uplift Loads with Field Data Assessments (58-73)
by D.W. Chang, C. Lin, T.Y. Wang, Y.K. Lin, F.C. Lu and C.J. Kuo

AUT: Geo-CPT & Pile Database Updates and Implementations for Pile Geotechnical Design (74-90)
by A. Eslami, S. Moshfeghi, S. Heidari, F. Valikhah

Drilled Shaft Grouting Effectiveness in Mekong Delta (91-98)
by Hai M.N., Anand J.P., Long D.P. and Trung T.N.

Design of Axially-loaded Piles: Experimental Evidence from 400 Field Tests (99-105)
by A. Mandolini and R. Di Laora

The Use of Equivalent Circular Piles to Model the Behaviour of Rectangular Barrette Foundations (106-109)
by H.G. Poulos, H.S.W. Chow and J.C. Small

Analysis of Thermo-Mechanical Behaviour of Energy Piles (110-117)
by G. Russo, R.M.S. Maiorano and G. Marone

A Method to Estimate Shaft and Base Responses of a Pile from Pile Load Test Results (118-123)
by Madhav Madhiraand Kota Vijay Kiran

Technical Issues on Static Load Tests on Barrettes and Bored Piles (124-135)
by K. Watanabe , T. Hosoi, S. Matsushita, A. S. Balasubramaniam and Richard Hwang

Piled Raft on Sandy Soil – An Extensive Study (136-141)
by V. Balakumar, Min Huang, Erwin Oh , Richard Hwang and A. S. Balasubramaniam

Finite Element Modelling of A Bidirectional Pile Test in Vietnam (142-145)
by Phung Duc Long and B. William Cheang

A FEM Assessment on the use of t-z and q-z Functions for Deep Foundations (146-154)
by Q.J. Ong, S.A. Tan

Shaft Resistance of Shaft-grouted Bored Piles and Barrettes Recently Constructed in Ho Chi Minh City (155-162)
by T.D. Nguyen, V.Q. Lai, D.L. Phung, and T.P. Duong

Geotechnical Engineering Journal of the SEAGS & AGSSEA

Vol. 50 No. 2 June 2019 ISSN 0046-5828

Issue on Buried Pipelines

Guest Editor: Dr Jey Jeyapalan

Sponsored by: Asian Institute of Technology

Contents and Abstracts

Long-term Deformation Monitoring of CERN Concrete-lined Tunnels using Distributed Fibre-optic Sensing (1-7)
By V. Di Murro, L. Pelecanos, K. Soga, C. Kechavarzi, R.F. Morton, and L. Scibile

Distributed Brillouin Sensing for Geotechnical Infrastructure: Capabilities and Challenges (8-12)
By N. Noether and S. von der Mark

State-of-the Art of Geotechnical Monitoring with Geodetic Techniques (13-20)
By W. Lienhart

Performance Assessment and Failure Prediction of Corroded Cast Iron Pipes (21-27)
By P. Rajeev and D. Robert

Comparative Study of Distributed Sensors for Strain Monitoring of Pipelines (28-35)
By B. Glisic

Instrumented Laterally Loaded Pile Test Using Distributed Fibre Optic Sensors (36-42)
By H. Mohamad, B.P. Tee, M.F. Chong, K.A. Ang, A.S.A. Rashid, and R.A. Abdullah

Distributed Fibre Optic Sensing for Monitoring Reinforced Concrete Piles (43-51)
By C. Kechavarzi, L. Pelecanos, N. de Battista,and K. Soga

State-of-the Art Knowledge on Upheaval Buckling of Buried Pipelines (52-59)
By Indrasenan Thusyanthan and Dilan Robert

Cost Effective Free Span Rectification for Offshore Pipelines (60-63)
By Indrasenan Thusyanthan

Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors for Strain and Deformation Monitoring of Pipelines and Penstocks (64-70)
By D. Inaudi

A Methodology for Identification of Pipe Failure Hotspots (71-76)
By Ravin N Deo, Chunshun Zhang, Jian Ji, Suranji Rathnayaka, Benjamin Shannon, and Jayantha K Kodikara

ADYTrack: Development of a Railroad Trackbed Model and Parametric Study of Track Modulus (77-84)
By Asif Arshid, Ying Huang, and Denver Tolliver

Leakage-induced Pipeline Stressing and its Potential Detection by Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing (85-90)
By A. Klar, A., Linker, R., and Herrmann, S.

Smart Geosynthetics based on Distributed Fiber-optic Sensors in Geotechnical Engineering (91-95)
By A. Wosniok and K. Krebber

Loss of Flexibility in Geosynthetics Subjected to Chemical Exposure: Experiments, Constitutive Models and Computations and Estimates for Contaminant Leakage (96-106)
By A. P.S. Selvadurai

Monitoring of Buried Pipeline using Distributed Fibre Optic Technologies: Combined Acoustic-Temperature-Strain sensing (107-112)
By C. Prohasky, R. Vivekanantham, P.Rajeev, H. Bao, and S. Roy

Benefits of Standards for Fiber-optic Sensors in Soil-structure Interaction (113-124)
By W. R. Habel and J. K. Jeyapalan

Rational Methods of Steel Pipe Design Accounting for Poor Native Soils and Soil Migration (125-130)
By J. K. Jeyapalan, G. Leonhardt, P. Rajeev, and A. M. Britto

Technical Challenges and Solutions for Super-Long Mountainous Tunnels at Great Depth (131-135)
By Yan Jinxiu

Risk Analysis and Countermeasure Study of Shield Tunnelling in Karst Stratum of China (136-140)
By Zhong Changping, Zhu Weibin, Huang Weiran, Zhu Siran, and Xu Minghui

Geotechnical Engineering Journal of the SEAGS & AGSSEA
Vol. 50 No. 1 March 2019 ISSN 0046-5828

Special Issue in Unsaturated Soils – Testing, Modelling and Applications

Editors: Eng-Choon Leong & Hossam Abuel-Naga

Sponsored by: Asian Institute of Technology

Contents and Abstracts

Water Retention Characteristics of Swelling Clays
by Kannan R. Iyer and D. N. Singh

Water Retention and Unsaturated Hydraulic Behaviors of a Biochar-modified Silt
By Abraham C.F. Chiu, Y. Xiao and B. Qiao

Simplified Model for Heat Transfer in Unsaturated Soils Considering a Nonisothermal Thermal Conductivity Function
By R.A. Samarakoon, and J.S. McCartney

A Simple Approach to Monitor Soil Moisture Dynamic in Vapour Equilibrium Cell
By Y. Lu, Z. Shang, Hamayon Tokhi and Hossam Abuel-Naga

A Classification Tree Guide to Soil-water Characteristic Curve Test for Soils with Bimodal Grain-size Distribution
By L. Zou and E.C. Leong

Backpressure Saturation Effects on the Mechanical Behaviour of a Quasi-Saturated Compacted Residual Soil
By G.G. Carnero-Guzman and F.A.M. Marinho

Induced and Inherent Anisotropies of Saturated and Unsaturated Soil Shear Properties
By H. Toyota, B. N. Le and S. Takada

Probability and Statistics Approach for Determining Pore Size Distribution of Coarse-Grain Soil
By R. Kitamura and K. Sako

Elastoplastic Modelling of Hydro-mechanical Behaviour of Unsaturated Soils
By J.R. Zhang, D.A. Sun and W.J. Sun

Interpretation of Desiccation Soil Cracking in the Framework of Unsaturated Soil Mechanics
By H. Al-Dakheeli and R. Bulut

Field Response of an Instrumented Dyke subjected to Rainfall
By A. Jotisankasa, S. Pramusandi, S. Nishimura and S. Chaiprakaikeow

Simplified Shear Deformation Method for Analysis of Mechanical Behavior of a Single Pile in Expansive Soils
By Y. Liu and S.K. Vanapalli

Validation of Foundation Design Method on Expansive Soils
By K.C. Chao and J.D. Nelson

SEAGS-AGSSEA Partnership

The Association of Geotechnical Societies in SouthEast Asia (AGSSEA) is an enlarged Society of SEAGS and promoted by SEAGS to bring all National Societies of SE Asia under one umbrella. The objectives of the Association shall be the promotion of co-operation among geotechnical societies in SE Asia; and the assistance to member societies who have limited number of members.

SEAGS and the Asian Institute of Technology

From the very inception of the Society, the Secretariat has been located at the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) in Bangkok where much of the geotechnical engineering research in Thailand has been conducted.

International Affiliations

SEAGS is affiliated with the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE), the International Association of Engineering Geology (IAEG), and the International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM).

The President & past Presidents of the Society

Dr. Za-Chieh Moh (1967 – 1973)
Prof. Chin Fung Kee (1973 – 1975)
Prof. Peter Lumb (1975 – 1977)
Dr. Tan Swan Beng (1977 – 1980)
Dr. E. W. Brand (1980 – 1983)
Dr. Ting Wei Hui (1983 – 1985)
Prof. A. S. Balasubramaniam (1985 – 1987)
Prof. Seng Lip Lee (1987 – 1990)
Dr. Chin Der Ou (1990 – 1993)
Dr. Ooi Teik Aun (1993 – 1996)
Dr. Surachat Sambhandharaksa (1996 – 1998)
Dr. John C.C. Li (1998 – 2001)
Prof. Kwet Yew Yong (2001 – 2007)
Dr. Chung Tien Chin(2007 – 2010)
Dr. Ooi Teik Aun (2010 – present)

The Secretary General & past Secretary-General of the Society

Dr. Robert Mackey (1967 – 1970)
Dr. John Nelson (1970 – 1973)
Prof. A.S. Balasubramaniam (1972 – 2000)
Prof. D.T. Bergado (2000 – 2013)
Dr. Noppadol Phienwej (2013- present)

Geotechnical Engineering Journal of the SEAGS & AGSSEA
Vol. 50 No. 4 December 2019 ISSN 0046-5828

Editors: San Shyan Lin, Erwin Oh & Ooi Teik Aun

Sponsored by: Asian Institute of Technology

Contents and Abstracts

Long-term Deformations of a Historical Church on the Anzer Island, White Sea (1-4)
By Chernyshev Sergei N.

Seismic Observations on Piled Raft Foundation subjected to Unsymmetrical Earth Pressure during Far Earthquake and Near Earthquake (5-14)
By J. Hamada and K. Yamashita

Determination of Virgin Compression Destructuring Line Parameters for Natural Clays (15-20)
By M. Manzur Rahman and Mohammed K. Islam

Effect of Liquid Polymer on Properties of Fine-Grained Soils (21-29)
By H. Soltani-Jigheh and S.N. Tahaei Yaghoubi

Geotechnical Aspects of Infrastructure Projects in Gypseous Soils (30-33)
By Safa Hussein Abd-Awn and Heba Qasim Hussein

Influence of Nano Copper Slag in Strength Behavior of Lime Stabilized Soil (34-38)
By M. Kirithika and V.K.Stalin

Slope Stability Problem and Bio-engineering Approach on Slope Protection: Case Study of Cox’s Bazar Area, Bangladesh (39-46)
By Md Shofiqul Islam and Atikur Rahman

Geotechnical Characterization and Behaviour of Tunis Soft Clay (47-53)
By Nadia Mezni and Mounir Bouassida

Strength of Peat Treated with Peat Ash (54-57)
By Mingyang Zhou and Kwong Soon Wong

Temperature-Stress Analysis of Rock-Shotcrete Structure under High Temperature Cooling Effect (58-64)
By Hui Su, Min Liang, Baowen Hu, ZhouXiang Xuan, Yue Xin, and Yi Zhu

Applicability of Hyperbolic Method for the Prediction of Shear Strength Parameters from Multistage Direct Shear Tests (65-70)
By A.Sridharan, Santhosh Kumar. T.G, Benny Mathews Abraham and Sobha Cyrus

Behavior of Foundation on End-bearing Stone Columns Group Reinforced Soil (71-77)
By Seifeddine Tabchouche , Mounir Bouassida and Mekki Mellas

Instrumented Piles Tested in 1969 in Fine Loose Sand at Holmen, Drammen: Revisited 2019 (78-88)
By A.S. Balasubramaniam, J.M.N.S. Jayasiri, E. Oh, G. Chao, H. Kim, R. N. Hwang

Application of Electrical Resistivity Imaging and Slope Modelling to the Investigation of the Land slide Sliding Geometry in Phuket (89-95)
By A. Puttiwongrak and N. N. Htwe

Comparison of Flexural stiffness between Hat-type and U-type steel sheet pile retaining walls in a Field Test in Singapore
By S. Moriyasu, S.P. Chiew, K. Otsushi, N. Matsui, S. Taenaka, K. Teshima, M. Tatsuta and H. Tanaka