Prof. Meei-Ling Lin

Prof. Meei-Ling Lin

Dr. Lin is a Professor at Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University. She received her Ph.D. degree in Civil Engineering from University of Texas, Austin, USA, in 1987. Dr. Lin has been a member of the General Committee of the Southeast Asia Geotechnical Society since 2007. She serves as a committee member of the Jointed Technical Committee 1 (JTC1 on Landslide) of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, the International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment, the International Society for Rock Mechanics, and the International Geo-textile Society. She also serves as a committee member of Technical Committee 303 (TC-303 on Flood) and Asian Technical Committee-1 (ATC-1 on Climate Change) of ISSMGE.

Prof. Lin’s research interests and experiences include: potential analysis and simulation and behaviors of debris flow and slope stability, seismic slope behavior and stability, dynamic soil behaviors associated with soil liquefaction and ground responses analysis, mapping and micro-zonation of related debris flow, seismic slope stability potential, and seismic ground response. She lead a group to initiate a drafted Code for the Engineered Slope for the Ministry of Transportation and Communication, Executive Yuan, Taiwan. She has been invited as a Keynote speaker of international conferences, a special lecture speaker of International Landslide Symposiums and a panel reporter by ISSMG Conferences, and recently delivered an Opening Keynote for the Fourth Italian Workshop on Landslides.

SPECIAL FEATURE STORY ON “Recent Diaphragm Wall Technologies and Future Challenges”
By Hosoi Takeshi and Matsushita Shinya

Dr. Hosoi Takeshi

Dr. Hosoi Takeshi

Dr. Hosoi Takeshi is a Technical Advisor at WSP Parsons Brinckerhoff, Singapore. He received his PhD with research focused on “Bearing Capacity of Diaphragm Wall Foundation and various Issues during its Construction” from Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan in the year 1993.

Dr. Hosoi has more than 50 years of experience in design and construction of underground structures, tunnelling, bridge foundations and marine works. He is an international expert in diaphragm wall, barrette and bored pile foundation, shield tunnelling, NATM tunnelling, and other complex geotechnical works.

He is a Professional Engineer (PE) in Japan Since 1983, Fellowship of Japanese Society of Civil Engineer and International Member of Japanese Geotechnical Society. He coordinated the Asian Ocean Seminar sponsored by Japanese Ministry of Port and Harbour for 10 years. He was also a national member in “E-Defence Project” in Japan.

He served as a General Manager of Technical Research & Earthquake Technology Research Institute for 8 years and General Manager of Design Department of Nishimatsu Construction Co. Ltd. for 7 years.

Mr. Matsushita Shinya

Mr. Matsushita Shinya

Mr. Matsushita Shinya has been a Chief Engineer of Matsushita M&C Lab Co. Ltd. Since 2013. He was graduated from Nagoya University (Department of Science) in 1972 and joined Matsushita M&C Lab Co. Ltd.in 1972. He served as CEO of Matsushita M&C Lab. Co. Ltd. from 2003-2013. He is a Member of Japanese Geotechnical Society. He has been involved in a lot of big diaphragm wall projects in Japan for more than 40yers. In 1982 he was engaged in the experimental diaphragm wall construction for practical use of high DS polymer slurry and in 1984 he was joined the diaphragm wall construction project for Nagoya Subway 6 Line to lead successful adoption of polymer slurry. He was involved in Diaphragm Wall Foundation of Aomori Bay Bridge in 1988 and also in 1991 Diaphragm Wall Shaft at Kawasaki Artificial Island for Trans Tokyo Bay Highway Road. From 1992 to 1994 he was invited by the Grand Hi-Lai Hotel project and the Tuntex project（the Tuntex & Chien Tai Tower）at Kaohsiung, Taiwan as a consultant of Polymer slurry. From 2001 to 2006 he took part in the Water Cut-off Wall Project at Kansai International Airport for stabilizing land settlement as a chief engineer for quality control of slurry. In 2008 he engaged in the Wall Foundation , “Knuckle Wall ” Project of Tokyo Sky Tree as a chief engineer for quality control of polymer slurry.

HISTORICAL NOTE ON “Expriences of Geotechnical Development in Japan and Future Directions”
By Masami Fukuoka

Professor Masami Fukuoka

Prof. Masami Fukuoka

Prof. Fukuoka was born on 12 March 1917 in Okayama Prefecture, Japan. He studied Civil Engineering at the University of Tokyo, and in 1940 he entered the profession fully, taking up a post as a civil engineer for Japan’s Public Works Research Institute (PWRI) of the Ministry of Internal Affair. During the Second World War, he served in the Japanese military.

He returned to PWRI after the war ended, and his engineering acumen was immediately needed. Japan experienced a series of severe earthquakes and floods, which further complicated the damage the country had suffered to its infrastructure during the war. It was one of the most difficult times in the history of Japan, he said to me when I was young. As a civil engineer, in particularly, as a geotechnical engineer, he worked to restore Japan’s infrastructures from the effects of war and natural disasters. His strength of leadership was an especially important contribution to the design and construction of a great number of important infrastructures; and his work improved projects across a broad range of sectors, including those dealing landslides, road building and pavements, slope stability, flood control, river and coastal dyke engineering, ground investigation and soil test, earth pressure and retaining walls, rock-fill and earth-fill dams, ground subsidence, foundations of long-span bridges, earthquake geotechnical engineering and, eventually, geosynthetic engineering. The breadth of his work was extraordinary, considering how difficult it is to become a specialist in even one of these areas today. After rising to serve as PWRI’s director, he retired in 1970 and entered academia and became a full professor of Civil Engineering of the University of Tokyo, where I was studying as doctoral candidate. In 1977, Prof. Fukuoka transitioned to a professorship at Tokyo University of Science where he remained until his retirement in 1986. As his career progressed; he contributed greatly to multiple professional organizations. He helped establish the Japanese Geotechnical Society (JGS) in 1949 and served as President from 1976 – 1997. He was integral to Tokyo playing host to the 9thInternational Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, then served as President of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (now ISSMGE) from 1977-1981.During this period, while at Tokyo University of Science, he started the research on geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining walls and geomembrane lining at the bottom of reservoirs.

PREFACE

This Issue contains thirteen excellent papers as the country issue from Chinese Taipei Geotechnical Society (CTGS). It is an example of contributions from leading private sectors in Taiwan and also academics.

The first paper by Lee et al deals with the topic of rock tunnelling applied to steady water resources supply in Taiwan, challenges and examples. The authors deal with increasing soil erosion and slope collapse in some catchment area in Taiwan in the past decade. Also, increased sedimentation rates of the reservoirs reducing the effective capacity, and severely affecting the steady water supply. Multiple measures have been proposed for stabilizing the water supply. Tunnelling in the catchment area, even close to a dam, represents serious environmental and engineering risks. The authors present two cases of rock tunnelling as applied to steady water resources supply. Challenges and some distinctive issues, such as the presence of a high-temperature ground, a combustible gas emission ground, and potential instability of rock wedges caused by large underground excavation, are discussed. The authors then present countermeasures with a clever design of an elephant-trunk intake pipe to release turbid water. State-of-the-art tunnelling through rock and some innovative tunnelling technologies are utilized in these two cases.

The second paper by Chiu et al deals with the interesting topic of the state-of-the-art of tunnel maintenance in Taiwan and challenges to sustainable development. Tunnel construction in Taiwan started as early as the late nineteenth century; within the last 125 years, tunnel maintenance in Taiwan went through several stages. In early years engineers dealt with tunnel excavation. Now tunnel inspections, repairs and reinforcement were performed only when serious damages were observed. As the number of damaged tunnels increased, investigations revealed that the degradation of tunnels in Taiwan is inevitable and usually occurred in an exceptionally shot period. Frequent earthquakes, a high ground water level and poorly cemented rock masses provide an environment for such degradation. To adapt more effectively to the environment, tunnel maintenance looked at the entire life cycle of a tunnel. Thus the diagnostic methods have demonstrated to be useful in enhancing the sustainable operation of tunnels.

An interesting contribution by Wang et al dealt with rock tunnel –shaft intersection in projects in Taiwan. The construction of an intersection between a shaft and a rock tunnel is a three-dimensional problem, and requires more complex excavation and support methods than those used in conventional two-dimensional tunnel construction. The paper considered examples of rock tunnelling in Taiwan, and the construction of intersections between shafts and tunnels. Data are collected from case histories first, and the excavation sequences are classified. Then challenges as encountered to secure construction of the intersections of shafts and tunnels are examined, including the significant scale effects of rock masses on excavations; difficulties in controlling rock deformation near the intersections, and groundwater ingress are also discussed. Strategies and countermeasures as applied to overcome these difficulties in recent projects, and their effectiveness is investigated. Finally, the state-of-the-art design and construction of intersections between shafts and tunnels in Taiwan are presented.

The fourth paper by Hsiao et al dealt with the influence of peak strength degradation in assessing the stability of tunnels in hard rocks. Tunnelling depths are increasing rapidly in Taiwan. The effect of brittle failure on hard rock tunnelling is, however, rarely studied. In this paper, a study is carried out on the importance of the post-peak behaviour using Hoek-Brown failure criterion is investigated; through strength loss experimental studies , a relationship between strength loss parameter and confining stress is established. Subsequently, a numerical analysis model (so-called strength degradation model), is proposed and applied to predict the impact of the post-peak strength degradation on an actual tunnel. The analysis showed that the effect of the post-peak strength degradation on deformation during excavation is becoming more and more pronounced with increasing depth of tunnels. Severe deformation due to the excavation may endanger the tunnel stability during construction in deep overburden. Thus the strength degradation beyond brittle failure shall play an exceptionally important role in the stability of deep tunnelling.

The fifth paper by Hwang et al is on the deep excavations in Taipei Basin and the performance of diaphragm walls. Since movements of diaphragm walls are reduced by the presence of existing underground structures in the vicinity of excavation, comparison of the observed wall deflections with the results obtained by using two-dimensional analyses may lead to erroneous conclusions. Similarly, additions to diaphragm walls, such as buttresses, station entrances, ventilation shafts, etc., will also tend to reduce wall deflections. Thus the authors recommend to compare the results of two-dimensional analyses with the upper envelopes, designated as “reference envelope”, of a family of wall deflection paths of the same geometry of excavation and the same characteristics of the retaining system. Inclinometer readings obtained at Shandao Temple Station of the Bannan Line of Taipei Metro were studied to establish the relationship between wall deflections and depth of excavations. The results are verified by numerical analyses using PLAXIS computer software. Reference envelopes were then developed for estimating maximum wall deflections; and charts were established for correcting inclinometer readings to account for the movement at diaphragm wall toes. The authors found that the width of excavation has significant influence on wall deflections and toe movements. Additionally, the consolidation of the Songshan Formation due to the drawdown of groundwater in the Jingmei Formation reduced the movements of diaphragm wall toes.

In an interesting paper Yang et al studied the hydraulic characteristics of the Jingmei Formation and the Dewatering of Deep Excavations in Taipei Basin. Geotechnical Engineers in Taipei are well aware that the Jingmei Formation is a unique geological feature of the Taipei Basin. It is highly permeable and a water-rich stratum responsible for many failures in underground constructions. The piezometric heads in the Jingmei Formation had to be lowered by pumping for the deep excavations to be carried out safely. The authors thus discuss the hydraulic characteristics of the Jingmei Formation and the experience gained in large scale dewatering schemes. Attempts have been made to establish the relationship between the progression of tides in the river and the fluctuation of the piezometric levels in this Formation. The authors found that, the transmissivity and storage coefficient deduced from the observed groundwater drawdown are affected not only by the pumping rate, but also the duration of pumping; thus the rates required tend to be overestimated as based on the results of pumping tests.

Forensic studies have now become an important field in geotechnical engineering. The seventh paper by Lee et al is on the forensic investigation of a subway tunnel failure during construction. In this paper, the forensic evidences and investigation of a subway tunnel construction failure occurred in Kaohsiung, Taiwan is presented. The studied construction failure occurred during a cross-passage excavation of a shield tunnel construction work of the Kaohsiung Mass Rapid Transit System, and resulted in severe tunnel collapse and extensive ground failure that even reached to ground surface 30m above the tunnel depth. Valuable photo images obtained during and post event, as well as results of special geophysical testing methods were presented and compared to verify aspects of the proposed failure scenario. Information presented in this paper would be helpful to improve engineers’ knowledge for preventing similar construction risks.

Typhoon Morakot brought tremendous rainfall of a hundred-year recurrence period in Taiwan. The paper by Chou et al concentrates on the effects as encountered by roads and houses in the middle and southern part of Taiwan; from landslides, debris flows, and floods. Erosion of road foundations, sliding of slopes, and collapse of bridges has paralysed the road system. Using Alishan Route 18 as an example, this paper discusses different causes, types, and renovation methods of slope disasters for future reference.

The paper by Lee et al also deals with the forecast of shallow landslides pertinent to Taiwan in a study which combines rainfall parameters and landslide susceptibility. Catastrophic landslides and debris slides triggered by typhoons such as Typhoon Morakot (2009) have occurred more frequently in the recent years, and caused many casualties and much economic loss in Taiwan. For the purpose of reducing the damage and preventing loss of life resulting from geological hazards, this study collects multiple period landslide inventories which contain the information of occurrence time, location, magnitude, rainfall intensity, and accumulated rainfall to establish the rainfall threshold for shallow landslides on a regional scale. The concept of a hazard matrix which combines the magnitude (landslide ratio of slope units) and the possibility of occurrence (historical disaster records) are investigated to set up the early warning thresholds. Accordingly, the critical rainfall thresholds were built up based on the R24 (24 hours cumulated rainfall) and I₃ (3-hour mean rainfall intensity) of historical records. The model developed can predict the possible sediment hazard on the hillslope 2~9 hours before occurrence of landslides. The web based GIS helped to have early-warning systems to display the real-time rainfall data and the warning signal immediately for disaster prevention through increasing the response time.

Chang et al made dynamic analyses for performance based seismic design of geotechnical structures with examples in deep foundation. Performance-Based Seismic design (PBSD) of geotechnical engineering structures can be evaluated by a number of methods taking into account the uncertainties of the designed influence factors. Despite the fact that the seismic force is known to be a significant factor, the static and/or pseudo static analyses seem to be commonly adopted in design practice. The paper by Chang et al briefly discusses alternate approaches with the emphasis on dynamic analysis. Examples are given with the assessments of two deep foundations located in Taiwan. Dynamic analysis is rather important to the seismic design problems since it can monitor the details of time-dependent structural responses incorporating both peak ground acceleration and duration of the earthquake. Other than the 3D finite element analysis, the simplified solution from 1D wave equation analysis can be very effective and convenient for PBSD analysis on deep foundation.

The eleventh paper in this CTGS Issue is on the time dependent dynamic characteristics during soil liquefaction in saturated sand. Chen et al, conducted model pile tests to quantify the relation between soil stiffness and excess pore water pressure during liquefaction, the test data of a series of shaking table tests on model pile in saturated sand using a large biaxial laminar shear box conducted at the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering were analysed. The pile tip was fixed at the bottom of the shear box to simulate the condition of a pile foundation embedded in a firm stratum. The pile head was mounted with steel disks to simulate the superstructure. In addition, strain gauges and mini-accelerometers were placed on the pile surface to obtain the response of the pile under shaking. Therefore, the model pile can be considered as a sensor to evaluate the changes of dynamic characteristics of soil-pile system during the shaking by using the time-frequency analysis and system identification technique. The results showed that the stiffness of the soil would increase with the dissipation of pore water pressure and the recovery of soil stiffness is directly related to the effective stress ratio of soil specimen.

The interesting paper by Shi et al present geological investigation and sliding mitigation in Jiufen Area in Taiwan. Jiufen’s orographic and geological characteristics together with frequent typhoons and heavy rain make it potentially vulnerable to landslides. The landslide problems can be disastrous not only to the 2,300 local residents, but also to the constant flow of tourists visiting the town. After the site investigations, it is concluded that both of the colluvium and groundwater are the most important geological factors to the slope stability problems. According to the long-term groundwater level monitoring result, it varied from 8m to 12m during the period of typhoon and heavy rainfall. And the displacement induced by the groundwater level rising was found. Four underground flow lines were located based on the resistivity image profiling and self-potential investigation. Then five water collection wells were planned to construct according to the locations of underground flow lines. The level lowered down about 15m after the wells completed and the slope became stable. It is suggested that the depth of colluvium in Jiufen area needs to be investigated in more detail.

Finally the last paper thirteenth in this Issue is by Shu et al on the interpretation and analysis of potential fluidised landslide slope. Fluidized landslide, also called hillslope-type debris flow, often occurs on the village side hillslope in the mountain area during extreme weather condition. Fluidized landslide induces more severe damages than the shallow landslide; however its recognition model is still lacked. In this research a recognition model of the potential fluidized landslide slope was developed using 80 cases occurred in the Kaoping River basin, southern Taiwan. 30 fluidized landslides and 30 shallow landslides are employed for the model development and another 10 events of each landslide are applied for verification. Results show that the recognition model composed of 8 discriminant factors including geomorphology factors, hydrology factors and potential landslide factor predicated by SHALSTAB model provides accuracy rate of 85% of the verification events. Thus the model can be of practical use for fluidized landslide interpretation. The model can be used to identify the potential dangerous slope areas and effectively assist the disaster prevention and early warning of villages in mountain area.

The editor of this CTGS Issue is very pleased to be able to present the geotechnical activities in Taiwan through these thirteen contributions and hope that the material would be beneficial to Geotechnical Engineers in SE Asia and elsewhere.

Meei Ling Lin

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Thirteen excellent contributions are contained in this Country Issue of the Chinese Taipei Geotechnical Society (CTGS) as edited by Prof. Meei Ling Lin. All contributions are by authors from Taiwan and Prof. Meei Ling Lin must be congratulated for her excellent task. In the Preface Prof Lin have described in great detail the contributions from the authors. It is a pleasure to note that successful country issues are now completed by the Thai Geotechnical Society, The Vietnamese Society and now the Chinese Taipei Society. The contributions from Singapore, Hong Kong and Malaysia will also be released soon. Also, last but not least from Indonesia.

This issue also contains a special feature story on “Recent Diaphragm Wall Technologies and Future Challenges” by Hosoi Takeshi and Matsushita Shinya; a historical note on “Experiences of Geotechnical Development in Japan and Future Directions” by Masami Fukuoka and an “Obituary of Masami Fukuoka” by Fumio Tatsuoka. The passing away of Prof Masami Fukuoka on 27 January 2016 is a great loss to the engineering communities.

K. Y. Yong
N . Phienwej
T. A. Ooi
A. S. Balasubramaniam

TABLE OF CONTENTS

June 2016: CHINESE TAIPEI SPECIAL ISSUE
Editor: Professor Meei-Ling Lin

December-2015 Issue: Problematic Soils including Contaminated Soils

Edited By Prof. Jay N. Meegoda and Prof. Liming Hu

Prof. Jay N. Meegoda

Prof. Jay N. Meegoda

Dr. Meegoda is the director of Geotechnical Program and a Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at New Jersey Institute of Technology. He received his BS (Honors) from University of Sri Lanka and his M.S. and his Ph.D. from the University of California at Davis. He has been working as educator, consultant and researcher in engineering for over 35 years. He utilizes scientific concepts and engineering technologies in his research to provide solutions to real world problems. Dr. Meegoda has worked with state and local governments, and foreign governments to provide technical input for broad range of problems.

Dr Meegoda has worked on three major research areas. His primary research is in Mechanics of Geo-Environmental Engineering, which includes Engineering Properties of Contaminated Soils, Centrifugal Modeling of Contaminant Movement in Soils and Remediation of Contaminated Soils, Micro-mechanics of Soils, Reuse of Contaminated Soils, and Ultrasound. His second major research area is sustainable use of waste, which is still under the broad area of Geo-environmental Engineering. It includes Modeling of Bio-reactor Landfill performance, Sustainable Waste Management and Construction use of waste. Recently Dr. Meegoda initiated his third research area, the sustainable infrastructure initiative, which includes Performance of pipes and development of next generation of pipes, Management of underground infrastructure and Pavement texture and snow/ice management to limit accidents. He has offered numerous short courses worldwide, and teaches graduate and undergraduate courses at New Jersey Institute of Technology on Geotechnical and Geo-environmental Engineering.

Dr. Meegoda as PI has successfully concluded several multidisciplinary research projects worth over $7M from agencies such as NSF, USEPA, US Army, FHWA, NJDOT and NJDEP that provided broader impact to the society. Some of those technologies are now extensively used while others are to be commercialized. He has published over 150 papers. He has one patent and applied for one provisional patent. He received the research implementation award from the New Jersey Department of Transportation in 2011 for his Culvert Information Management Research, the best theoretical paper award from the Environmental and Water Resources Institute of ASCE in May 2012 for his research collaboration with China and the best practice paper award from the Environmental and Water Resources Institute of ASCE in May 2001 for the paper describing the results of one USEPA SITE demonstration project.

Dr. Meegoda currently serves Associate Editor of the ASCE Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management, Editorial Board Member ASTM Geotechnical Testing Journal, Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Springer Journal on Waste and Biomass Valorization and The Scientific World Journal, Guest editor, Journal of Hazardous Materials, special issue on Contaminated Dredged Sediments and Associate Editor of the 4th International Symposium on Environmental Geotechnology and Global Sustainable Development. He is a guest/research/visiting professor/scholar of six different universities. He has research collaborations spanning all six continents. He was invited to deliver keynote lectures and invited lectures at numerous events around the world. At NJIT, he was instrumental in setting up the NJIT chapter of Engineers without Borders and is currently serving as the faculty advisor.

Prof. Liming Hu

Prof. Liming Hu

Dr. Hu is an Associate Professor of Geo-environmental Engineering, and the Deputy Director of Institute of Geotechnical Engineering of Tsinghua University in China. He is also the senior Research Scientist at State Key Laboratory of Hydro-Science and Engineering (SKLHSE), and the director of the Geo-environmental Research Centre. He obtained double Bachelors in both Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Engineering from Tsinghua University in 1995, and MEng and Ph.D. in Geotechnical Engineering from the same university in 2000. Then he worked as post-doctoral Research Associate at the Department of Civil Engineering of Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) from 2000 to 2002. Since April 2002, Dr. Hu joined in Tsinghua University. He has supervised 15 Master students and 6 Ph.D. students.

Dr. Hu’s research interests focuses on contaminant transport, soil/groundwater remediation, valorization of solid waste, and landfill design in field of Geo-environmental Engineering, as well as soft ground improvement and soil-structure interaction in field of Geotechnical Engineering. He has more than one hundred publications in peer-reviewed journals, and owns 12 invention patents and 3 software packages.

Dr. Hu obtained numerous notable honors and awards due to his outstanding research achievements, such as 2013 First-Class State Award for Inventions by Chinese Central Government, 2013 Outstanding Young Scholar at Tsinghua University, 2013 Scientific Research Award from Hubei Province, 2012 Best Theoretical-Oriented Paper by ASCE Environment and Water Resources Institute, and 2012 Outstanding Young Scholar by Chinese Society for Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2007 New Century Excellent Talents in Chinese Universities by Ministry of Education, 2005 New Star in Science and Technology by Beijing Municipal Government, and so on.

Now Dr. Hu serves as Chair of Committee for Chinese Young Geotechnical Engineers; Chair of Technical Committee on Soil Contamination and Remediation, and Core Member of the Institution of Geo-Environmental Engineering under Chinese Society for Rock Mechanics and Engineering; and Vice-Chairman of Committee for Geo-Environmental Engineering under Chinese Institution of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. He is also the life member of Southeast Asian Geotechnical Society (SEAGS), member of American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), Member of International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE), and Member of International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM), Member of American Chemistry Society (ACS), etc. Dr. Hu also serves as a member of TC215 (Environmental Geotechnics) of ISSMGE.

SPECIAL FEATURE STORY ON “Challenges in Going Underground in Big Cities” By L. John Endicott

Dr. John Endicott Dr. John Endicott has been an Adjunct Professor at Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and at the University of Hong Kong. He has been practicing in Hong Kong since 1975 and is well known as an all-round geotechnical practitioner in South East Asia. He has worked on many projects on underground railway stations, metro lines, major roads, viaducts and foundations in Singapore as well as in Bangkok, Malaysia, Korea, Indonesia, India and China. He has been an expert witness in many projects including the collapse of the Nicoll Highway in Singapore.

HISTORIC NOTE ON “Underexcavating the Tower of Pisa: Back to Future” By John Burland, Michele B. Jamiolkowski, and Carlo Viggiani

Professor John Burland Born in the UK, Professor Burland was educated in South Africa and studied Civil Engineering at the University of the Witwatersrand. He returned to England in 1961 and worked with Ove Arup and Partners for a few years.After studying for his PhD at Cambridge University, John Burland joined the UK Building Research Station in 1966, became Head of the Geotechnics Division in 1972 and Assistant Director in 1979. In 1980 he was appointed to the Chair of Soil Mechanics at the Imperial College London. He is now Emeritus Professor and Senior Research Investigator at Imperial College. In addition to being very active in teaching (which he loves) and research, John Burland has been responsible for advising on the design of many large ground engineering projects world-wide including the underground car park at the Palace of Westminster and the foundations of the Queen Elizabeth II Conference Centre in London. He specialises in problems relating to the interaction between the ground and masonry buildings. He was London Underground’s expert witness for the Parliamentary Select Committees on the Jubilee Line Extension underground railway and has advised on many geotechnical aspects of that project, including ensuring the stability of the Big Ben Clock Tower. He was a member of the international board of consultants advising on the stabilisation of the Metropolitan Cathedral of Mexico City and was a member of the Italian Prime Minister’s Commission for stabilising the Leaning Tower of Pisa. He has received many awards and medals including the Gold Medal for engineering excellence of the World Federation of Engineering Organisations and the Gold Medals of the UK Institution of Structural Engineers and of the UK Institution of Civil Engineers. In 1994 he was awarded the Kevin Nash Gold Medal of the International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering ‘In recognition of outstanding services to ISSMGE, to International Goodwill and to International Geotechnical Practice and Education’. In 1996 he was awarded the Harry Seed Memorial Medal of the American Society of Civil Engineers ‘for distinguished contributions as an engineer, scientist and teacher in soil mechanics’. He is a Fellow of both the UK Royal Academy of Engineering and of the Royal Society of London and was appointed Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 2005.

Prof. Michele Jamiolkowski Professor Michele Jamiolkowski has been the Emeritus Professor of C.E., Technical University of Torino since 2008. In addition, he has also been the Founder and Chairman of the Engineering Consultant Company, Studio Geotecnico Italiano; Foreign Member of the Polish Academy of Science; Member of the Lagrangian Academy of Science, Torino; and Editor in Chief of the International Journal Geomechanics and Geoengineering.In addition to his outstanding academic record, Professor Jamiolkowski has also been involving in many world famous mega-projects such as Geotechnical Consultant for the Suspension Bridge over Messina Straits, Geotechnical Consultant for the Engineering Company Technital designer of the MOSE Project in Venice for Safeguarding Venice from high tides etc. He was also the President of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering between 1994 and 1997, and also the Chairman of the International Committee for Safeguard of the Leaning Tower of Pisa between 1999 and 2000. Currently, he is still serving as the Member of the International Advisory Group of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development for the design and construction of the New Safe Confinement of the reactor in Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant; the Chairman of the International Board Expert for Development of the Second World Largest Copper Mine Tailings Depository Zelazny Most in Poland; the Geotechnical Consultant for the Venice Defence System against Water; the Chairman of the Technical Committee for Safeguard of Rome Monuments During Construction of the New Subway Line C Underpassing Historical Town Centre; and the Foreign Associate US National Academy of Engineering. For his outstanding achievement, Prof. Jamiolkowski is the recipient of numerous awards or honors, such as K. Terzaghi and R.B. Peck Awards from the ASCE; E. De Beer Awards from the Belgian Geotechnical Society; Honorary International Member of the Japanese Geotechnical Society; Doctor Honoris Causa: University of Bucharest, University of Ghent, SGGW, Life University (Warsaw); Recipient of the Italian Prize “Savior of the Art”; Honorable International Member of the Japanese Geotechnical Society since 1998; Honorary Professor Academia Sinica of Guangzhou, China; and Commendatore of the Italian Republic bestowed by the President of Italy. Other distinctions of Professor Jamiolkowski include 1985 Theme Lecturer at the XI International Conference SMFE, San Francisco, US; 1986 James Forrest Lecture, ICE, London, UK ; 1991 Cross Canada Lecture Tour. Canadian Geotechnical Society ; 1994 John Buchanan Lecturter, University of Texas at Austin ; 1997 Manuel Rocha Lecture in Lisbon; 2000 George Hendris Memorial Lecturer, University of Western Australia, Perth; 2001 Terzaghi Oration at the XV ICSMGE in Istanbul; 2002 Szechy Memorial Lecture in Budapest; 2002 Kersten Lecture. University of Minnesota US; 2004 Keynote Lecturer at the Skempton Conference at Imperial College in London; 2004 Keynote Lecturer 15th SEAGC, Bangkok; 2006 R.B. Peck Lecturer at the ASCE Geo-Institute in Atlanta; 2006 4th G.A. Leonards Lecture, University of Purdue, US; 2007 XIV ECSMFE, Madrid, Special Lecture; 2009 XVII ICSMGE, Great Project Lecturer, Alexandria; 2010 1st Za-Chieh Moh Lecturer, in Taipei, Taiwan; 2011 3rd V. De Mello Lecturer, in Lisbon; 2013 53rd Rankine Lecturer, in London; 2014 1st Tchebotarioff Lecturer in St. Petersburg; and 2014 6th J. K. Mitchell Lecture. Professor Jamiolkowski is the author and co-author of more than 250 publications, journal with referee & international conference.

Prof. Carlo Viggiani Professor Carlo Viggiani graduated in Civil Engineering in 1960 at the University of Napoli; PhD in Geotechnical Engineering in Napoli in 1969. He has been teaching in a number of Italian Universities; since 1975, at the University of Napoli Federico II where is, at present, Emeritus Professor of Foundation Engineering. Is Author or Co-Author of 4 books and more than 200 technical papers. He has been Editor of the Italian Geotechnical Journal; component of the Editorial Board of the Journal of Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics; at present he is editor of the series “Argomenti di Geotecnica” (Issues in Geotechnics) of the publisher Hevelius.He has been State of the Art Reporter at the ICSMFE in New Delhi, 1994 (Mitigation of Natural Hazards: Landslides and Subsidence) and at the ICSMGE in Osaka, 2005 (Pile foundations). Chairman of TC19 (later TC301) (Preservation of Monuments and Historic Sites) of the ISSMGE, he participated to the conservation of a number of monuments affected by geotechnical problems. From 1990 to 2002 member of the International Committee for the Safeguard of the Leaning Tower of Pisa; presently member of the Monitoring and Surveillance Committee of the Tower. Involved in the design and construction of a number of civil engineering structures; among them earth dams, civil and industrial buildings, bridges, tunnels and underground constructions, stabilisation of landslides. Consultant for Italian Railways and Underground Transportation Systems in Rome, Napoli, Torino, Bologna, Firenze. Involved in the design of the suspension bridge over the Messina Straits.

PREFACE

Welcome to Geotechnical Engineering Journal of the Southeast Asian Geotechnical Society (SEAGS) and the Association of Geotechnical Societies in Southeast Asia (AGSSEA). It is our great pleasure to serve as the guest editors for the last issue of 2015. It is also a special issue dedicated to on Problematic Soils including Contaminated Soils. This December 2015 issue of the journal contains fifteen interesting research papers and the details are described below.

First six papers are on contaminated soils or groundwater and their remediation. Next two papers are on electro-osmosis drainage. Next three are on ground improvement. Last four are on interesting or emerging topics such as education, impact of rise in sea level, numerical analysis and theoretical analysis.

We specifically requested Professor Chrysochoou to describe Geochemistry in Geotechnical Engineering Problems and set the tone for the issue. In this paper Professor Chrysochoou uses Ettringite, which is a problematic mineral found in soils as well as concrete, as case study to elaborate Geochemistry and how that is related to Geotechnical Engineering.

In the second paper Professor Meegoda and his team describes the Engineering Properties of Chromium Contaminated Soils. The chromite ore processing activities have over 2 million tons of processed chromium ore residue in Hudson County, New Jersey. This is a hazardous waste needing proper disposal. Professor Meegoda and his team explored the feasibility of using as construction material or to be used as brownfield type remediation.

Dr. Nithya and his team explored heavy metal sorption characteristics of two geo -materials in the third paper. The mobility of heavy metals into the environment as a result of mining, industrial and agricultural activities such as that described in the second paper is of major concern and engineers are exploring ways to absorb those heavy metals. Dr. Nithya and his team performed batch sorption experiments to evaluate suitability of two soils found in India as sorbents for heavy metals.

In the fourth paper Professor Mulligan and her student explored reduction of Chromium in water and soil using a biosurfactant “Rhamnolipid.” Rhamnolipid is readily biodegradable biosurfactant with a very low environmental impact. Professor Mulligan and her student performed batch experiments to evaluate the feasibility of using Rhamnolipid for the removal and reduction of hexavalent chromium from contaminated soil and water.

Professor Barbosa and her team describe details of a reclamation project of a brownfield site containing 1.2 million cubic meters of mineral waste pile inside a 260,000 m2 liquid waste pond in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, the fifth paper of this issue. Professor Barbosa and her team proposed technical solution that included the complete draining of the liquid pond, accompanied by on site treatment, a hydraulic barrier of pump & treat wells and the construction of an engineered waste containment facility using the mineral solid waste as compacted earth fill material combined with geosynthetics.

A review of acidic groundwater remediation in the Shoalhaven floodplain in Australia, is given by Professor Indraratna and his team in the sixth paper. Acidic groundwater generated from acid sulfate soils create unfavorable environmental conditions. Professor Indraratna and his team installed a pilot-scale permeable reactive barrier showing that it is a promising technology for long-term remediation acidic groundwater.

Electro-osmosis is an effective technique for soft ground improvement. However with the continuous application of electrical energy the effectiveness of electro-osmosis decreases with increase in soil resistance. The intermittent application of the current is one way to overcome this problem. Hence Professor Hu and his team describe an experimental and a numerical study of electro-osmosis on kaolinite under intermittent current in the seventh paper.

A new type of electro-kinetic geo-synthetics (EKG) electrode to avoid the electrode corrosion and provide an effective drainage channel was developed for electro-osmosis drainage, and its performance was evaluated by Professor Shen and his coworker in the eighth paper.

The title of the ninth paper is innovative soft soil improvement method through intelligent use of vacuum dewatering and dynamic compaction. This research was performed by Professor Liang and his team.

Professor Shivashankar and his team provide the tenth paper entitled “Some Studies on Engineering Properties, Problems, Stabilization and Ground Improvement of Lithomargic Clays.” They performed laboratory studies to determine engineering and strength properties of these lithomargic clays and stabilized soils. Then they reported ways to improve sites containing Lithomargic Clays.

The eleventh paper describes laboratory investigation of stone column reinforcement of a soft South African clay by Professor Kalumba and his coworker.

Professor Bouassida and his team describe the results of a numerical modelling study of Tunis so ft clay in the twelfth paper.

A framework for the de-structuring of clays during compression, is the title of thirteenth paper and it is a theoretical study performed by Professor Horpibulsuk and his colleagues.

In the fourteenth paper Professor Yasuhara and his colleagues describe impact of inundation caused by sea-level rise combined with land subsidence, a modern day problem.

Last but not least is the fifteenth paper by Professor Scharle and his colleague. This is an invited paper on challenges of educating our younger generation in Geotechnical Engineering.

The guest editors are grateful to the authors and reviewers for their contributions. We are very pleased with the significant contributions made by authors in making this Issue feasible to our SE Asian Geotechnical Community and others.

Jay N. Meegoda
Liming Hu

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The December 2015 Issue of the Journal on problematic and contaminated soils are edited by Prof. Jay Meegoda and Prof. Liming Hu. They did an excellent job within a short time and also forwarded all the completed documents well in time for the Journal Production team under the Leadership of Dr. Ooi at IEM, Malaysia.

There are 15 papers in this Issue with a paper on “Characteristics and Consequence of Nepal Earthquake 2015: A Review” by A S M Fahad Hossain, Tuk Lal Adhikari, Mehedi Ahmed Ansary and Quazi Hamidul Bari, a Feature story by Dr. John Endicott on “Challenges in Going Underground in Big Cities” and a historic note on “Underexcavating the Tower of Pisa: Back to Future” by John B. Burland, Michele B. Jamiolkowski and Carlo Viggiani. This historical note was first published in 2000 before full underexcavation of the Tower was carried out. Work on the Tower has now been successfully completed and an up-date on the behavior of the Tower can be found in Burland et al (2009).

The guest editors have adequately covered the important aspects of the papers: First six papers are on contaminated soils or groundwater and their remediation. Next two papers are on electro-osmosis drainage. Next three are on ground improvement. Last four are on interesting or emerging topics such as education, impact of rise in sea level, numerical analysis and theoretical analysis. It is rewarding to note the authors of the papers cover all continents. It is a clear indication of the International nature of the Journal.

There were numerous Guest editors from 2011 to 2015; each and every one of them brought innovation and scholarly contribution both in research and practice. The journal continues to have page lengths suitable for the authors to comprehensively present their contributions. As a cost cutting measure the hard copy of the journal is only produced after all the soft copies are produced and this is a bound volume made available to all in the middle of the subsequent year. The soft copies are released spot on time in March, June, September and December each year. All articles are reviewed by more than two reviewers; Prof. Jay Meegoda and Prof. Liming Hu used an excellent set of reviewers.

The Issues in 2016 are devoted to AGSSEA country contributions and will be released by Taiwan Geotechnical society editors in March 2016, followed by the editors in Singapore, Hong Kong and Malaysia for the June, September and December Issues respectively. This will be followed by the Anniversary Issues in 2017. It is anticipated that the journal will also have a higher level of standard from the 51st year of the formation of SEAGS in 1967.

It is a genuine pleasure to have the excellent contributions in this December 2015 Issue and to record our vote of thanks to the Guest Editors Prof. Jay Meegoda and Prof. Liming Hu, the authors of the articles, the reviewers and all those who have contributed to the success in this Issues as well as the previous such Issues from 2011. It is important to thank Prof. San Shyan Lin for his varied contribution to SEAGS-AGSSEA in addition to his duties in the editorial team as a most valued member.

No doubt the contribution of the articles in this Issue, the Feature story and the historic note will further add prestige to the success story of the journal.

K. Y. Yong
N . Phienwej
T. A. Ooi
A. S. Balasubramaniam

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECEMBER 2015: SPECIAL ISSUE ON PROBLEMATIC SOILS INCLUDING CONTAMINATED SOILS
Editors: Prof. Jay N. Meegoda and Prof. Liming Hu

September-2015 Issue: Soil Behaviour and Modelling

Edited By Prof. Zhen-Yu Yin and Prof. Jian-Hua Yin

Prof. Zhen-Yu Yin

Prof. Yin graduated from Zhejiang University, China in 1997 for his bachelor degree and from Ecole Centrale de Nantes, France in 2003 for his master degree. He got PhD from Ecole Centrale de Nantes, France in 2006 in the field of geotechnical engineering. He was promoted as professor in 2010 at Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China. Prof. Yin‟s research topics include: (1) constitutive modeling for saturated soils; (2) microstructure and micromechanics for soils; (3) improvement technology for soft soils; (4) finite element analysis for geotechnical engineering. He has authored more than 50 papers in peer review journals such as Geotechnique, ASCE journals, IJSS, Nag etc.

In 2011, Prof. Yin was awarded “Professor of Exceptional Rank of Shanghai-Dongfang Scholar” by Shanghai Education Committee. Prof. Yin is now serving as committee member for both national and international associations (granular materials committee ASCE, Constitutive Relation and Strength Theory Committee of Chinese Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Soil Mechanics Committee of Chinese Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Underground Engineering Committee of Shanghai Society of Civil Engineers). From 2010 up to 2012, Prof. Yin has received 8 research grants as main investigator, financed by European Union, Chinese National Science Foundation, Minister of Education of China, Shanghai Science and Technology Committee etc.

Prof. Jian-Hua Yin

Dr Jian-Hua Yin is currently a professor in the Department of Civil and Structural Engineering of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Professor Yin received a BEng degree in 1983 in Chinese Mainland, an MSc degree from Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1984, and a PhD from The University of Manitoba, Canada in 1990. Dr Yin has a mix of industrial and academic experiences. He joined Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University in 1995 as an Assistant Professor. He was promoted to an Associate Professor position in 1999, to a Professor position in 2002, and recently to the position of Chair Professor of Soil Mechanics in 2014. Professor Yin has a good track record in research and has played a leading role in development of advanced soil testing equipment, innovative fiber optical sensors, establishing a largescale multi-purpose physical modeling facility for studying geo-hazards, organization of regional and international conferences. His research interests include (i) testing study of properties and behaviour of soils, (ii) elastic visco-plastic modeling, (iii) soft soil improvement, (iv) soil nails and slope analysis, (v) development and applications fiber optical sensors, (vi) soil-structure interface, and (vii) development of advanced/special lab test apparatus. Currently, Professor Yin serves as a Vice-President of International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG), Co-Editor of International Journal of Geomechanics, Co-Editor of Geomechanics and Geoengineering, and Associate Editor of Canadian Geotechnical Journal. He has received the honours of the prestigious “JOHN BOOKER Medal” in 2008, “Chandra S. Desai Excellence Award” in 2011 from IACMAG, and delivering the high-status 2011 “Huang Wenxi Lecture” in Chinese Mainland.

SPECIAL FEATURE STORY ON “Soil Mechanics at Emmanuel College –Elegant, Rigorous and Relevant”
By John Burland

Professor John Burland

Professor John Burland

Born in the UK, Professor Burland was educated in South Africa and studied Civil Engineering at the University of the Witwatersrand. He returned to England in 1961 and worked with Ove Arup and Partners for a few years.

After studying for his PhD at Cambridge University, John Burland joined the UK Building Research Station in 1966, became Head of the Geotechnics Division in 1972 and Assistant Director in 1979. In 1980 he was appointed to the Chair of Soil Mechanics at the Imperial College London. He is now Emeritus Professor and Senior Research Investigator at Imperial College.

In addition to being very active in teaching (which he loves) and research, John Burland has been responsible for advising on the design of many large ground engineering projects world-wide including the underground car park at the Palace of Westminster and the foundations of the Queen Elizabeth II Conference Centre in London. He specialises in problems relating to the interaction between the ground and masonry buildings. He was London Underground’s expert witness for the Parliamentary Select Committees on the Jubilee Line Extension underground railway and has advised on many geotechnical aspects of that project, including ensuring the stability of the Big Ben Clock Tower. He was a member of the international board of consultants advising on the stabilisation of the Metropolitan Cathedral of Mexico City and was a member of the Italian Prime Minister‟s Commission for stabilising the Leaning Tower of Pisa.

He has received many awards and medals including the Gold Medal for engineering excellence of the World Federation of Engineering Organisations and the Gold Medals of the UK Institution of Structural Engineers and of the UK Institution of Civil Engineers. In 1994 he was awarded the Kevin Nash Gold Medal of the International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering „In recognition of outstanding services to ISSMGE, to International Goodwill and to International Geotechnical Practice and Education‟. In 1996 he was awarded the Harry Seed Memorial Medal of the American Society of Civil Engineers „for distinguished contributions as an engineer, scientist and teacher in soil mechanics‟. He is a Fellow of both the UK Royal Academy of Engineering and of the Royal Society of London and was appointed Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 2005.

SPECIAL FEATURE STORY ON “Ground Improvement Methods for Port Infrastructure Expansion”
By Indraratna B., Heitor, A and Rujikiatkamjorn, C.

Prof. Buddhima Indraratna, PhD

Prof. Buddhima Indraratna, PhD

Buddhima Indraratna is a Civil Engineering graduate from Imperial College, London, and obtained his PhD from the University of Alberta in 1987. He has worked in industry in several countries before becoming an academic at AIT during the period 1988-1991, in which he was an Assistant Professor and then Associate Professor. He was involved in a number of major infrastructure projects in Thailand and Southeast Asia during that time. Subsequently, his contributions to the analysis of 2nd Bangkok International Airport (Suvarnabhumi) are well-known and published in major international journals.

Prof Indraratna’s significant contributions to geotechnical and railway engineering have been acknowledged through numerous national and international awards, including the 2016 Inaugural Ralph Proctor Lecture by the International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, the most prestigious award in Transport Geotechnics. In 2009, he delivered the prestigious E.H. Davis Memorial Lecture of Australian Geomechanics Society for distinguished contributions to theory and practice of geomechanics. In 2014, he received the C.S. Desai Medal from the International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG) for outstanding contribution to geotechnical research and education. For his pioneering contributions to Australian railway innovations, he was honoured with the prestigious Business and Higher Education award by the Australian Government in 2009, Engineers Australia Transport Medal in 2011 and 2015 Australasian Railway Society’s Outstanding Individual Award. Over the past two decades, he has also received numerous best paper awards, for example Thomas Telford Premium Award by the Institution of Civil Engineers, UK amd Robert Quigley Award by the Canadian Geotechnical Society. He was instrumental in changing the Australian standards the use of vertical drains in soft foundations soils and for revising the standards for railway ballast.

Prof Indraratna currently leads numerous projects funded by the Australian Research Council with over $15 million dollars over the past decade, and he has been a geotechnical consultant worldwide, and a United Nations consultant. He was also an Advisor to the Ministry of Science and Technology (Thailand) for new railway network planning and design, and an Advisor to the Government of Sri Lanka on Posttsunami rehabilitation of railways. He has more than 550 publications including over 230 reputed journal papers, 9 Books and over 45 invited keynote papers. He has supervised over 50 PhD graduates and 30 Postdoctoral Fellows.

Professor Indraratna is a Fellow of the most prestigious Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering (FTSE), as well as a Fellow of several professional organisations including the Institution of Engineers, Australia (FIEAust), American Society of Civil Engineers (FASCE), Australasian Institute of Mining & Metallurgy (FAusIMM) and the Geological Society of UK (FGS).

PREFACE

This September 2015 issue of the journal contains fifteen interesting research papers and the details are described below. The time-dependency of the soft clay behaviour is studied in two papers by Wu et al and Ye et al as overview and interpretation of rate dependency and stress relaxation in soft clays respectively. In these papers, the strain rate dependent behaviour and under 1D and 3D stress conditions under complex loading conditions is studied through triaxial compression and extension tests under different OCR by Wu et al and the pore pressure development during stress relaxation by Ye et al. The latter paper also used stress relaxation curves in double logarithmic plane resulting in the development of a stress relaxation coefficient useful in analytical solutions for the 1D stress relaxation. A third paper by Bian et al proposes a new stress strain model based on CSSM for re-constituted clays which considers the effects of initial water contents. The model describes the undrained shear behaviour. With the decrease of initial water contents, the reconstituted clays experience enhanced strength, stiffness and dilation, which are not involved in the Modified Cam Clay model. These features can be captured by introducing a new hardening parameter (“quasi-structure” strength) into the conventional critical state model. The “quasi-structure” strength increases with the decrease of initial water contents. The available test data on the undrained shear behaviour of reconstituted clays at different initial water contents are used to verify the proposed model, and the comparisons between computed and measured results show that the proposed model is able to predict the overall pattern of stress-strain curves, pore pressure variations and effective stress paths reasonably well, especially the ultimate undrained strength and pore pressure response at large strain.

The fourth paper is on the engineering behaviour of Shanghai soft clay by Lu et al by statistical analyses of the test data. The goodness-of-fits of normal distribution, log-normal distribution, exponential distribution and uniform distribution are assessed for each parameter using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) method. The results show that the normal distribution is suitable for initial water content, specific gravity, plasticity index, liquidity index and unit weight, the log-normal distribution is suitable for initial void ratio and plastic limit, the exponential distribution is suitable only for liquid limit, and the uniform distribution is not recommended.

Wang et al in the fifth paper deal with the dynamic behaviour of frozen soils. The dynamic response of frozen soils is one of the significant factors that should be taken into account when designing and constructing infrastructures in cold regions. This paper firstly reviews the state-of-the-art of dynamic testing techniques including dynamic uniaxial/triaxial test, resonant column test, wave velocity test and the SHPB test. Then the correlations of dynamic indexes for frozen soils with test conditions are analyzed i.e., dynamic modulus, dynamic strength, damping ratio as well as dynamic Poisson‟s ratio. The typical stress-strain relationships for frozen soils under dynamic loading are summarized such as empirical models, creep modelling and strength criterion for frozen soils. Finally promising prospects of the study in this paper is suggested.

Ye et al (in sixth paper) is on the mineral constituents of one dimensional compression behaviour of clayey soils. Only few data are available concerning the effect of the four main clay minerals, kaolinite (K), illite (I), montmorillonite (M) and chlorite (C), on the mechanical properties of clayey soils. This paper discusses the effect of different mineral contents on the compression and swelling indexes of clay mixtures in order to provide correlations between the mineralogical content of a clayey soil and its compressive properties. Four pure clay powders were used to prepare 34 clay mixtures (different proportions of K+I, K+I+M, K+I+C). Conventional oedometer tests were conducted on all the prepared samples. Based on the test results, the evolution of the compressive properties with the proportions of pure clays was estimated and relevant correlations are suggested. All the results demonstrate that the compression and swelling indexes are reasonably well correlated to the proportion of clay minerals. The content in montmorillonite influences significantly the compressive properties of clayey soils, and the contents of illite and chlorite are less influential when added to kaolinite based clayey soils. Moreover, 15 samples with different proportions of K+I+M+C were prepared and tested, and the proposed correlations were validated in light of the results obtained on these materials.

The seventh paper by Fan et al, investigates the addition of fine grained Zeolite on the compressibility and hydraulic conductivity of clayey soil treated with calcium bentonite and used as backfills for vertical cut off walls. Vertical cutoff walls, using backfill consisting of on-site sandy soil and Na-bentonite are widely used as engineering barriers for the purpose of achieving relatively low hydraulic conductivity and high contaminant sorption capacity. At some sites, locally available clayey soil, Ca-bentonite and natural zeolite may be considered as an alternate backfill. However, studies on the compressibility and hydraulic conductivity of zeolite-amended clayey soil/Ca-bentonite backfills for vertical cutoff walls are very limited. A series of one-dimensional consolidation tests is performed to evaluate the compressibility and hydraulic conductivity of fine-grained zeolite-amended clayey soil/Ca-bentonite backfills. Kaolin is used as the control clayey soil, and it is amended with various amounts of Ca-bentonite (5, 10, and 15%) and zeolite (2 – 40%) to prepare zeolite-amended kaolinbentonite backfills. The results indicate that the addition of fine-grained zeolite has insignificant influence on the compressibility and hydraulic conductivity of clayey soil/Ca-bentonite and sandy soil/Na-bentonite backfills. The hydraulic conductivity of the zeolite-amended clayey soil/Ca-bentonite backfills is generally lower than the typical regulatory limit of 10-9 m/s. Two empirical methods, based on the Nagaraj‟s generalized void ratio (e/eL) and Sivapullaiah et al.‟s method are assessed to predict the hydraulic conductivity of the backfills. The proposed method based on the Sivapullaiah et al.‟s method is shown to estimate the hydraulic conductivity for the finegrained zeolite-amended clayey soil/Ca-bentonite backfills with reasonable accuracy.

The eighth paper by Cheng and Saiyouri is titled effect of long term aggressive environments on the porosity and permeability of granular materials reinforced by nano-silica and sodium silicate. Colloidal nanosilica is a kind of new chemical grout materials for filling small pores of fine-grained soil. Compared to traditional sodium silicate material, the advantages and disadvantages of colloidal nanosilica are studied under laboratory conditions for pure gels and sand-gel mixtures for long-term volume stability. Samples of Fontainebleau sand injected by nanosilica and sodium silicate were conserved in dry air, water, salt solution and acid solution for 8 different time periods. The results show that pure gel of nanosilica is much more stable than pure gel of silicate sodium in all environments studied; from results of porosity, nanosilica does not has manifest advantages compared with sodium silicate; from results of permeability, nanosilica sand has more stable capacity of water-blocking in all environments.

The ninth paper by Deka et al is on strength of lime treated flyash using bentonite. The class “F” type Fly ash is non-cohesive and is normally strengthened or reinforced when used in structural fills. This paper deals with strength increase in unconfined compressive tests by pozzolanic reactions with lime and also bentonite.

The tenth paper is by Wang et al on soil deformation induced by underground tunnel construction. Development and utilization of underground railways can effectively ease the problem of urban traffic congestion. However, surrounding soil disturbance during tunnel excavation is likely to cause serious accidents. Thus, analyzing soil deformation during tunnel excavation is important. Through numerical simulation, this paper analyzes the influence of the step distance of a single-bore tunnel on the disturbance of the surrounding soil. Based on research on a single-bore tunnel, this paper further examines the effects of various spacing, locations, and excavation methods on the deformation of surrounding soils during parallel tunnel excavation. The results show that longer excavation steps lead to more intense disturbance to the surrounding soils. The most intense disturbance occurs at the ends of the tunnel. During new tunnel excavation, the tunnel crossing angle has stronger influence than the tunnel spacing on the original tunnel. Among the four excavation methods, single-bore advanced through is the most secure, whereas simultaneous excavation from opposite directions can cause the most intense disturbance to the surrounding soils. In practical operations, corresponding excavation methods can be employed according to specific conditions. Moreover, in-situ monitoring at key positions should be enhanced to avoid accidents.

The eleventh paper by Zhou et al is on full scale field tests on soil arching triggered during the construction of shallowly buried HDPE pipes. Soil arching significantly affects earth pressures around and above high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes in the construction phase. However, few studies have systematically addressed the change of soil arching with respect to soil cover thickness during the installation of HDPE pipes. This paper presents full-scale field investigations on the soil arching above and around three HDPE pipes buried shallowly in trenches. The results demonstrate that the soil arching developed in the backfill above the pipes is getting significant with increasing soil cover thickness. At a given soil cover thickness, more notable soil arching is found at a position closer to the pipe crown. The measured earth pressures acting on the pipe crown are compared with those estimated by the Marston load theory. It is found that the crown earth pressures estimated by the Marston‟s trench equation and embankment equation are 8% to 32% and 2% to 14% respectively higher than those obtained from the field tests. The results suggest that a threshold trench width is likely to exist when the Marston load theory is used for calculating the earth pressures on the top of HDPE pipes buried in the trench.

The twelfth paper is on a pollutant migration model considering solute decay in layered soil by Yu and Cai. Organic pollutant solute undergoes significant decay during the migration process in clay liner systems and foundation clay. Liner and foundation soil have layered properties. A one-dimensional computational model is established to calculate pollutant migration by considering the decay in layered soil medium. The separation of variable method is used to obtain the analytical solution. To verify the capability of the developed method, a typical example is illustrated by applying this model. The calculated results are compared with the results obtained from the GAEA Pollute v7. Consistent results demonstrate the reliability and validity of the proposed migration model, which can be a promising tool for landfill liner design when considering the organic pollutant decay.

The thirteenth paper is on effect of cyclic strain history on shear modulus of dry sand using resonant column tests by Jyant Kumar and Achu Catherine Cherian. A number of resonant column tests were performed on dry sand specimens to examine the effect of cyclic shear strain history, by including both increasing and decreasing strain paths, on the shear modulus (G) for different relative densities (Dr) and confining pressures (σ₃). The specimen was subjected to a series of cycles of increasing and decreasing shear strain paths approximately in a range of 0.001-0.1%. For a particular cycle, with a given strain amplitude, the shear modulus during the increasing strain path becomes always greater than that during the decreasing strain path. For a given cycle, irrespective of relative density of sand, the difference between the values of G associated with the increasing and decreasing strain paths becomes always the maximum corresponding to a certain shear strain level. The maximum reduction in the shear modulus, due to the cyclic variation of the shear strain, was noted to be around one fourth of the maximum shear modulus (G₀). This reduction in the shear modulus on account of the cyclic variation of shear strain increases generally with decreases in the values of both relative density and confining pressure. The study will be useful to examine the response of sand media subjected to earthquake excitation.

Bhattacharya and Kumar are the authors of the fourteenth paper on vertical uplift capacity of circular anchor plates. Experimental and numerical investigations have been carried out to determine the vertical uplift resistance of circular anchor plates embedded in cohesionless soil media. Experimental studies are performed on model circular anchor plates placed at different depths in loose to medium dry sand deposit for two different relative densities, namely, 25% and 65%, respectively. The numerical work has been done by using an axisymmetric lower bound limit analysis in conjunction with finite elements and linear programming to compute the uplift resistance offered by circular anchor plates embedded horizontally in sand. In the case of numerical studies, the internal frictional angle of sand was varied from 20° to 45°. Both experimental and numerical studies clearly reveal that the uplift resistance of the circular plate increases considerably with increases in embedment ratio (H/D), and soil frictional angle (ø). The deformation of the anchor plate, corresponding to the failure load, increases with an increase in the values of H/D and relative density of sand. The values of the failure loads obtained from the computational analysis match well with the present experimental results as well with the available data from literature.

In this fifteenth paper by Benson Hsiung and Sy-Dan Dao, a simple method for predicting movements, especially the ground surface settlements, caused by deep excavations in sands is presented. The case history of deep excavation in thick layers of sand is adopted from Kaohsiung, Taiwan as the basis for numerical analyses. In order to improve the inconsistence in prediction of ground surface settlements induced by the deep excavation, the analysis using the simple constitutive model but with additional two factors, α and β is applied. The factor α defines the width of primary strain zone behind the retaining wall, and β indicates the difference of soil stiffness in two zones of the primary strain zone and small strain zone. It is concluded that changing α seems not to induce significant change, and values of β from 3 to 5 shall be taken once such approach intends to be adopted for predicting ground surface settlements caused by deep excavations in sands.

The editors are grateful to the authors and reviewers and are very pleased with the significant contributions made by them in making this Issue feasible to our SE Asian Geotechnical Community and others.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This September 2015 Issue is edited by Profs. Zhen-Yu Yin and Jian-Hua Yin. They are to be congratulated for acquiring fifteen excellent papers, which covers a wide range of topics which will be of great value to researchers and practitioners. Details of the contents are in the Preface as compiled by the editors. They cover strain rate effects and stress relaxation with a new Stress strain Model as based on CSSM; the engineering behaviour of Shanghai soft clay is statistically analyzed; the dynamic behavior of frozen soils is studied using dynamic uniaxial/triaxial test, resonant column test, wave velocity test and the SHPB test. The addition of fine grained Zeolite on the compressibility and hydraulic conductivity of clayey soil treated with calcium bentonite and used as backfills for vertical cut off walls is also presented. Additionally, effect of long term aggressive environments on the porosity and permeability of granular materials reinforced by nano-silica and sodium silicate is also presented. The strength of lime treated flyash using bentonite is also studied in detail; the class “F” type Fly ash is non-cohesive and is normally strengthened or reinforced when used in structural fills. Soil deformation induced by underground tunnel construction is of importance. Among the four excavation methods, single-bore advanced through is the most secure, whereas simultaneous excavation from opposite directions can cause the most intense disturbance to the surrounding soils. In practical operations, corresponding excavation methods can be employed according to specific conditions. Moreover, in-situ monitoring at key positions should be enhanced to avoid accidents.

Full scale field tests on soil arching triggered during the construction of shallow buried HDPE pipes is also presented. Soil arching significantly affects earth pressures around and above high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes in the construction phase. The paper here presents full-scale field investigations on the soil arching above and around three HDPE pipes buried shallowly in trenches.

Organic pollutant solute undergoes significant decay during the migration process in clay liner systems and foundation clay. Liner and foundation soil have layered properties. A one-dimensional computational model is established to calculate pollutant migration by considering the decay in layered soil medium. The thirteenth paper is on effect of cyclic strain history on shear modulus of dry sand using resonant column tests by Jyant Kumar and Achu Catherine Cherian. A number of resonant column tests were performed on dry sand specimens to examine the effect of cyclic shear strain history, by including both increasing and decreasing strain paths, on the shear modulus (G) for different relative densities (Dr) and confining pressures (σ₃). The study will be useful to examine the response of sand media subjected to earthquake excitation.

Bhattacharya and Kumar are the authors of the fourteenth paper on vertical uplift capacity of circular anchor plates. Experimental and numerical investigations have been carried out to determine the vertical uplift resistance of circular anchor plates embedded in cohesionless soil media. The numerical work has been done by using an axisymmetric lower bound limit analysis in conjunction with finite elements and linear programming to compute the uplift resistance offered by circular anchor plates embedded horizontally in sand. Finally, Benson Hsiung and Sy-Dan Dao presented a simple method for predicting movements, especially the ground surface settlements, caused by deep excavations in sands. The case history of deep excavation in thick layers of sand is adopted from Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

No doubt, this Issue will be most useful to our Profession and all those who are engaged in Pile Foundation Research and Practice. Sincere thanks to all who have contributed to the success of this issue of our journal under the able leadership of Profs. Zhen-Yu Yin and Jian-Hua Yin.

K. Y. Yong
N . Phienwej
T. A. Ooi
A. S. Balasubramaniam

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SEPTEMBER 2015: SPECIAL ISSUE ON SOIL BEHAVIOUR AND MODELLING
Editors: Prof. Zhen-Yu Yin and Prof. Jian-Hua Yin

Vol. 46 No.2 June 2015: SPECIAL ISSUE ON PILE FOUNDATIONS

Editors: San-Shyan Lin, Charng Hsein Juang, and Robert Liang

Prof. San-Shyan Lin

Professor Lin is a Professor at Department of Harbor and River Engineering of National Taiwan Ocean University in Taiwan. He received his Ph.D. degree in Civil Engineering from Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri USA in 1992. Dr. Lin was an engineer at Taiwan Area National Expressway Engineering Bureau from 1992 to 1994. Prof. Lin’s research and practical experiences have dealt with drilled shaft foundations, earth reinforced structures and effects of scouring on bridge foundations. Prof. Lin has published more than 110 peer-reviewed journal papers and conference papers. In 2012, Prof. Lin served as chairman of organization committee of 5th Taiwan-Japan workshop of earthquake and heavy rainfall held in Tainan, Taiwan; member of international organizing committee of 7th Asian young geotechnical engineer conference held in Tokushima, Japan; and member of both international advisory committee and technical committee of Geosynthetics Asia 2012 in Bangkok, Thailand. Prof. Lin is currently serving as the member of conference advisory committee of 18th Southeast Asian Geotechnical Conference and member of international advisory committee of International Symposium on Advances in Foundation Engineering. In addition, Prof. Lin is serving as the President of Taiwan Geotechnical Society and the CEO of Sino-Geotechnics Research and Development Foundation in Taiwan. Prof. Lin also served TRB A2K03 Committee on Foundations of Bridges and Other Structures between 1995 and 2004 and serves as a member on the editorial boards for four major international journals in geotechnical engineering.

Prof. Charng Hsein Juang

Dr. Juang received his Ph.D. degree in Civil Engineering from Purdue University in 1981. He joined the faculty of Clemson University in 1982 and has been with Clemson University ever since. Dr. Juang has a broad research interest in the field of geotechnical engineering. His past research work dealt with slope stability, soil-buried pipes interaction, soil and rock properties, pile foundations, fuzzy sets and uncertainty modeling in geotechnical engineering. His current research work deals with liquefaction, site characterization, braced excavation, reliability and probabilistic methods in geotechnical engineering, and fuzzy and neural network applications in geotechnical engineering. Dr. Juang has received a number of awards and honors. He was proud to be selected by his students through Chi Epsilon for Outstanding Teacher Award in 1985. Among his awards and honors are the Outstanding Research Paper Award by the Chinese Institute of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering (1976), the TK Hseih Award by the Institution of Civil Engineers of the United Kingdom (2001), the Clemson University Board of Trustees Award for Faculty Excellence (2002), election to ASCE Fellow (2007), and appointment to Chair Professor at National Central University, Taiwan.

His professional services include:
– Chair, ASCE/GI Committee on Risk Assessment and Management (2009-2012); Secretary, (2003-2009); Member (1993-present)
– Co-Editor in Chief, Engineering Geology (2012-present)
– Associate Editor & Editorial Board Member, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering (2004-2012)
– Editorial Board, Journal of GeoEngineering (2006-present)
– Editorial Board, Georisk (2009-present)
– Conference Chair, ASCE Geo Institute Specialty Conference, GeoRisk 2011, Geotechnical Risk Assessment and Management, Atlanta, June 26-28, 2011.

Prof. Robert Liang

Dr. Robert Liang holds a title of University Distinguished Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Akron. He also serves as the Director for the Center for Infrastructure Materials and Rehabilitation. Since receiving his Ph.D. in 1985 from the University of California in Berkeley, Dr. Liang has been with the University of Akron. From 1994 to 2000, he served as Civil Engineering Department Chair. Dr. Liang has conducted research in areas such as geotechnical engineering, pavement engineering, and infrastructure materials and rehabilitation technologies. His research has resulted in more than 300 journal and conference papers, with practical impacts on design and construction practices. Dr. Liang is active in ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers), TRB (Transportation Research Board), and DFI (Deep Foundation Institute) committee works. He serves as associate editor for the ASCE’s Journal of Engineering Mechanics and Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. Currently, he is on the editorial board for several international journals, such as Georisk, and Journal of GeoEngineering. Dr. Liang received Wendell R. Ladue award from ASCE Akron-Canton Section for his outstanding contributions to the profession. He also received Louis Hill award from College of Engineering in recognition of his exemplary achievements in both research and teaching. He received outstanding service award from the Great Lakes Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering Organization for his service as the president of the organization. In recognition of his contributions to civil engineering, Dr. Liang was elected to Fellow of ASCE in 2009.

SPECIAL FEATURE STORY ON “Liquefaction Problems in the 21st Century” by Prof Ikuo Towhata
Prof Ikuo Towhata

Prof Ikuo Towhata obtained his Bachelor of Engineering degree from the University of Tokyo in 1977. He obtained his Master of Engineering and Doctor of Engineering in 1979 and 1982 respectively from the same university. In 1985 he was Assistant Professor at the Asian Institute of Technology in Bangkok and in 1986 as Associate Professor at Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok. He returned to work in Tokyo University as an Associate Professor in 1987. In 1989 he was Associate research fellow at PWRI Ministry of Construction. He was Professor at Tokyo University from 1994 to 2014 and since 2015 he is Visiting Professor at Kanto Gakuin University, Department of Civil Engineering Yokohama Tokyo Japan. Professor Towhata has 32 years of research experience and his special areas of interest are Deformation characteristics of cohesionless soils; Dynamic analysis of earth structures during earthquakes; Permanent displacement of ground caused by seismic liquefaction; Soil improvement by densification and grouting; Stability of seabed in static and dynamic manners; Thermal effects on mechanical behavior of clays; Microscopic Observation of Granular Behavior of Sand Subjected to Shear; Dynamics of landslide and debris flow. Professor Towhata is active in public service and was Board member of Japanese Geotechnical Society for two terms; Board member of Japan Association for Earthquake Engineering for one term; Board member of Japan Landslide Society for two terms; Chairman of Editing Committee of Soils and Foundations Journal, the Japanese Geotechnical Society in 2005-2008; Chairman of Geotechnical Committee, Japan Society for Civil Engineers in 2007-2008; Vice President, Japan Association for Earthquake Engineering in June 2009-May 2011; President, Japanese Geotechnical Society in 2014-2016; Appointed Board Member and then Vice President for Asia, International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering in 2009-2017; Associate Member of Science Council Japan in 2014-2020. He is currently Member of the Japanese Geotechnical Society; Member of the Southeast Asian Geotechnical Society; Member of the International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering; Fellow member of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers and Member of the Japan Association for Earthquake Engineering. Professor Towhata has been invited to deliver Keynote Lectures and Special Lectures in many international conferences. He has published more than 600 papers and has published many books notably:

Towhata, I. (1999). Air photographs of the Niigata city immediately after the earthquake in 1964, Japanese Geotechnical Society, ISBN4-88644-054-1.
Towhata, I. (2008) Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, ISBN 978-3-540-35782-7, pringer Verlag- Berlin Heidelberg.
Towhata, I. and Jiang, Y.-J., 2010. Geotechnical Aspects of 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, China, Chapter 8, Advances in Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Springer.
Professor Towhata has won many awards and among them the Japanese Geotechnical Society; Technological Development Award in 2015; Japan Society of Civil Engineers; Best book publication award in 2009; Japanese Geotechnical Society, Award for the Best Paper of the Year 2003; 2004 and the best twelve papers out of 600 at GeoEng2000 Conference at Melbourne in 2000

PREFACE

The theme of the 2015 June issue is Pile Foundations. The guest editors for this special issue are Professor San-Shyan Lin at National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan, Prof. Charng Hsein Juang at Clemson University, USA, and Prof. Robert Liang at Akron University, USA contributed to the editorial management. Prof. A.S. Balasubramaniam as the Editor-in-Chief and Dr. Teik Aun Ooi as the President of SEAGS strongly supported the launch of this special issue on Pile Foundations.

The topics and scope covered in this special issue are comprehensive and interdisciplinary, ranging from back-analysis of pile load test, piled-raft analysis, ground vibration caused by impact pile driving, analysis of bi-direction-cell test, effect of aging on barrette pile, comparison on dynamic response of a single pile using different approaches, response of “plug” in open-toe pipe pile, effect of toe grouting of IGM socketed drilled shaft, reliability-based design on foundation and ultimate resistance of drilled shaft by probabilistic approach. The issue is comprised of twelve papers with a selection of the authors from seven countries involving Canada, Japan, Lebanon, Sweden, Taiwan, Thailand and USA.

Niazi and Mayne develops new sets of shear stiffness reduction curves from the back-analyses of 299 static axial pile load tests from 61 sites towards the implementation of a non-linear load-displacement response method for pile foundations. Subsequently, the elastic continuum solution is exploited by them to present a methodology for drawing the stiffness reduction curves as functions of depth. These curves are further utilized in modeling the pile as a stack of smaller shaft segments embedded in multi-layered soils. Hamada et al. presents static cyclic lateral loading tests on large-scale piled raft foundations carried out to investigate the influence of vertical load and pile spacing ratios during earthquakes. Yamashita et al. applies and modifies the simple method proposed by Clancy and Randolph (1996) on piled raft analysis. Four case histories in Japan are examined through comparisons with the field monitoring results. Massarsch and Fellenius describe the application of the Swedish standard which regulates permissible ground vibrations caused by driving of piles, sheet piles, or ground compaction. Fellenius explains how to use the bidirectional-cell test data on a pile to establish the load distribution for the pile, which enabled determining the distribution of the effective-stress beta-coefficients for the pile response Teparaksa presents testing process and discusses the result of different barrette pile static load tests, especially on aging effect on pile capacity. Lu and Chang presents a case study on dynamic behaviors of coal ash soils obtained in a landfilled field in north Taiwan and also the dynamic interaction of a single pile foundation sitting in the landfills. Fellenius recommends how to analyze the response of an open-toe pile. A comparison is also provided between the results of a simulated static loading test on a closed-toe and an open-toe pipe pile. Lin et al. presents the axial performance of two heavily instrumented drilled shafts, with and without toe grouting, socket in intermediate geomaterials in Taipei city. Abdallah et al. presents the results of a comprehensive investigation that is conducted to study the effect of choosing different proof-load test programs on the reliability of piles. Luo et al. evaluates and compares existing probabilistic approaches for determining the ultimate resistance of drilled shafts in sands considering the spatial variability of soil properties.

We consider that this special issue presents and illustrates the outcome of some of the state-of-the-art research on pile foundations, and hope that it will make an important contribution to this growing field in the years to come.

San-Shyan Lin
Charng Hsein Juang
Robert Liang

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The lead editor of the June 2015 Issue on Piled Foundation is Prof. San Shyan Lin with team members Prof. Charng Hsein Juang and Prof. Robert Liang. Prof. San Shyan Lin is of immense help to the SEAGS-AGSSEA Journal as a Member of the Team of Editor in Chief. It is worthy to mention that the Taiwan Geotechnical Society is the most active supporter of all SEAGS-AGSSEA activities including the Journal. There were many Issues of the Journal editted by members of CTGS (Chinese Taipei Geotechnical Society). They also contribute many articles and this is a most welcome culture which should be a model example to follow by other AGSSEA member countries. Gradually, we have been very successful in engaging members of AGSSEA to contribute to the journal and take much of the responsibility in contributing articles, engaged in reviewing and other aspects related to the journal. The country issues in 2016 and the Anniversary Issues in 2017 will further enhance the success in the active participation of AGSSEA members in the journal.

In the preface , Prof. San Shyan Lin and his team has already covered adequately the contents of the papers from an international set of prestigious authors and all articles were also reviewed by experts in the field. Details of the reviewers will be assembled in the December Issue for all the articles published in 2015. SEAGS-AGSSEA Journal is always very practice oriented and this well reflected in the contributions contained in this issue as well.

There are twelve excellent papers written by well known authors from : USA, Japan, Sweden, Canada, Thailand, Taiwan and other countries. No doubt, this Issue will be most useful to our Profession and all those who are engaged in Pile Foundation Research and Practice. Sincere thanks to all who have contributed to the success of this issue of our journal under the able leadership of Prof. San Shyan Lin.

We are grateful to Professor Ikuo Towhata for his contribution of Special Feature Story on “Liquefaction Problems in the 21st Century” in this issue.

K. Y. Yong
N . Phienwej
T. A. Ooi
A. S. Balasubramaniam

TABLE OF CONTENTS

JUNE 2015: SPECIAL ISSUE ON PILE FOUNDATIONS
Editors: San-Shyan Lin, Charng Hsein Juang, and Robert Liang

December-2014 Issue: Offshore and Coastal Geotechnics

Edited By Shinji Sassa, Poul V. Lade, Lizhong Wang, Yean K. Chow, Dong S. Jeng, Chiristophe Gaudin & Fuping Gao

Dr. Shinji Sassa

Dr. Shinji Sassa is Head of Soil Dynamics Group and Research Director of Asia-Pacific Center for Coastal Disaster Research (APaC-CDR) at Port and Airport Research Institute, Japan. He obtained his Dr. Eng. from Kyoto University. He is best known for his seminal works on wave-induced seabed liquefaction that have been extensively cited worldwide. His main research areas are Waterfront and Coastal Geotechnics, Subaqueous Sediment Gravity Flows and Ecological Geotechnics. These pioneer and address the multidisciplinary research encompassing Geotechnics, Hydraulic/Coastal Engineering, Geophysics and Ecology. He was an invited panelist, twice, at the 15th and 17th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, ISSMGE. He has been a member of the International Geoscience Programme of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization on Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences, and served as a panelist leader at the UNESCO SMMTC conference in Kyoto 2011. He is also the Technical-Oversight-Committee nominated member of TC213 on Scour and Erosion of ISSMGE. He is the recipient of several distinguished awards, including the Commendation for Science and Technology by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, the Best Paper Award twice and the Best Technical Development Award from the Japanese Geotechnical Society and the Presidential Award from PARI. His selected papers have been published in the world-leading journals in the diverse fields of geotechnics, geophysics and ecology such as Géotechnique, Journal of Geophysical Research, Geophysical Research Letters and Marine Ecology Progress Series concerning liquefaction, sediment transport and geomorphodynamics, submarine landslides, and benthic ecology in estuarine, coastal and marine area.

Prof. Poul V. Lade

Dr. Poul V. Lade joined The Catholic University of America (CUA) in Washington, D.C. in 2003. He was educated at the Technical University of Denmark in Copenhagen and received his Ph.D. degree at University of California at Berkeley in 1972. Before coming to CUA, he was on the faculty at UCLA for 21 years (1972-1993) before moving to The Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore (1993-1999) and to Aalborg University in Denmark (1999-2003). He was a member of Geotechnical Engineering Technical Group in Los Angeles from 1974 and he served as chairman in 1978-79.

Professor Lade’s research interests in Geomechanics include experimental methods, three-dimensional stress-strain and strength behavior of soils during monotonic loading and large three-dimensional stress reversals, stability, instability and liquefaction of granular materials, time effects in soils, constitutive modeling of frictional materials such as soil, rock, and concrete employing elasticity and work-hardening, isotropic and kinematic plasticity theories, and deformation and stability analyses of foundation engineering problems. He has given numerous conference presentations and short courses on stress-strain behavior and constitutive modeling of soils in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia/New Zealand. He has nearly 300 publications based on research performed with support from the National Science Foundation (NSF) and from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR). His Science Citation Index is approximately 3000 and his H-index is currently 29.

Professor Lade is a member of several geotechnical engineering societies and he currently serves as Editor for the Americas of Geomechanics and Engineering (Techno Press, Korea), and he serves on the Editorial Boards of six other journals dealing with Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. He was awarded “Professor Ostenfeld’s Gold Medal for original contributions to engineering science research on behavior and constitutive modeling of soils” from the Technical University of Denmark in 2001, and he was elected member of the Danish Academy of Technical Sciences in 2001.

Prof. Li-zhong Wang

Prof. Lizhong Wang is a Vice Dean of Civil Engineering and Architecture College, Zhejiang university, China. He earned his Phd in Zhejiang University in 1995 and became a Professor in 2000. He was a visiting scholar in NGI in 2006. Prof. Lizhong Wang has been long engaged in the research on marine soil mechanics and marine geotechnology. His research includes the constitutive behavior of marine soils,offshore pipelines, mooring systems, subsea tunneling,seabed geohazards and offshore wind turbine foundations.

Prof. Lizhong Wang was granted the first prize in Scientific and Technological Progress Award of Chinese Universities in 2011( Rank No.1). His research achievements were successfully applied in more than 20 major projects both at home and abroad. He was granted one national invention patent and four utility patents. Besides, he participated in establishing standards and engineering design guide. He has published 108 Journal papers, including 34 SCI-indexed and 60 EI-indexed papers. His research achievements were recognized by the international peers and he was appointed as an international external evaluator in the joint project of Bangladesh and Norway.He organized International symposium of coastal & offshore geotechnics in 2012.

Prof. Y.K. Chow

Professor CHOW Yean Khow joined the National University of Singapore (NUS) as a in 1982 and became a Professor in 1999. Prior to joining NUS, he practised as an offshore geotechnical engineer with Fugro Limited (UK), mainly involved in the design and installation of offshore foundations in the North Sea. He served as the Head of the Division of Geotechnical and Transportation Engineering from 1995 to 1998. He was the Deputy Head (Administration) of the Department of Civil Engineering from 1998 to 2000. From 2000 to 2003, he was Vice-Dean (Graduate Studies) and from 2003 to May 2008 Vice-Dean (Academic Affairs & Graduate Studies) of the Faculty of Engineering. He is the Executive Director of the Centre for Offshore Research & Engineering (CORE) from July 2008.

Professor Chow’s main research interests are in offshore foundation engineering, offshore pipelines/risers, computational geomechanics, soil-structure interaction, piles and piled raft foundations, and effects of construction activities such as deep excavations and tunnelling on pile foundations. He has published extensively, with over 200 technical publications including over 80 in international refereed journals. He is on Editorial Board of the following international journals: International Journal of Geomechanics (ASCE), Computers and Geotechnics (Elsevier), and Geomechanics and Geoengineering (Taylor & Francis). He is a member of the Board of Directors of the International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics. He is a Registered Professional Engineer (Civil) and a Specialist Professional Engineer in Geotechnical Engineering in Singapore. He has served as geotechnical consultant to numerous projects in Singapore and the region.

Prof. Dong Sheng Jeng

Prof. Dong Sheng Jeng is currently at Division of Civil Engineering, the School of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics, University of Dundee. He was educated in National Chung-Hsing University in Taiwan and received his Doctoral Degree from the University of Western Australia. Prof. Jeng was also at the Griffith University and University of Sydney before as a staff member. Prof. Jeng has been working in the area of offshore geotechnics since 1993. His most significant contributions have been in the field of coastal geotechnical engineering, specifically issues associated with wave–seabed–structure interaction (WSSI), which have a major bearing on the understanding and construction of coastal structures. He established the first analytical solutions for the inherent problems of WSSI in 3D short-crested wave systems and revised the conventional consolidation equation for anisotropic seabeds with variable permeability to obtain closed-form solutions. His 3D models allow the determination of wave-induced oscillatory liquefaction in front of breakwaters under obliquely incident wave; this represents the most dangerous condition and one that cannot be dealt with using either 1D or 2D models. My analytical solutions have been widely used for verifying numerical simulations and for determining wave surface profiles using measured pore pressure in marine sediments. These solutions were the basis of a major chapter in ‘The mechanics of scour in the marine environment’ (Chapter 10, Sumer & Fredsøe, 2002) and have been widely used by coastal engineers for the prediction of wave-induced oscillatory liquefaction around marine structures and the installation of in situ facilities.

Currently, Prof. Jeng and his students are working on the development of poro-elastoplastic models for post-liquefaction and densification in marine sediment under dynamic loadings (such as waves, currents and earthquakes etc.). This is also part of his current EU project—MERMAID (2012-2016). They are also establishing new conceptual model for pore pressure accumulations in marine sediment with instant cyclic shear stresses, unlike the existing models based on the maximum cyclic shear stresses.

Prof. Jeng has won a large number of competitive research grants in offshore and coastal geotechnics and has published in most of the leading Geotechnical Engineering and other journals; His journal publications exceed over one hundred.

Prof. Christophe Gaudin

Prof. Gaudin graduated with a Doctorate in Engineering Science from the Ecole Centrale de Nantes in November 2002. He subsequently joined the Centre for Offshore Foundation Systems (COFS) in July 2003 and was appointed as Manager of the UWA centrifuge facilities. He was promoted Research Professorial Fellow in 2009 and hold since the position of Deputy Director of COFS. His research interests cover offshore anchoring systems and shallow foundations, pipeline-soil interaction and similitude principles associated with centrifuge modelling, for which he has authored 90+ referred publications.

As manager of the UWA centrifuge facilities and a team of 8 technicians, Prof Gaudin has focused on establishing centrifuge modelling techniques as an essential tool to assist the offshore industry in developing and designing foundation solutions. He has built a strong relationship with the offshore industry, raising over $3.5M of research funding and producing 50+ consulting reports.

Since 2010, Prof. Gaudin is the Chair of the Technical Committee for Physical Modelling on Geotechnics (TC104) of the International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE), and the Chair of the 8th International Conference on Physical Modelling in Geotechnics to be held in Perth in 2014. His goals as TC Chair for the current term are notably to increase awareness of centrifuge modelling techniques and capabilities in the geotechnical engineering community, both in academia and industry, and to support the emergence of new centrifuge centres around the world.

Prof. Fuping Gao

Prof. Fuping Gao is a Principal Investigator at the Key Laboratory for Mechanics in Fluid Solid Coupling Systems (LMFS) and serving as the Director of Division of Science-Technology & Finance, Institute of Mechanics, CAS. He obtained his Master degree in Geotechnical Engineering from Beijing Jiaotong University, and PhD in Offshore Engineering Mechanics from Institute of Mechanics CAS. He was a visiting Research Assistant at Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) in 2000; a Post-doctoral Research Fellow at the Griffith University, and the University of Western Australia (2001-2002).

His research activities involve offshore seabed/soil dynamics and fluid-structure-soil interaction modeling with applications in the offshore engineering, with recent focuses on stability analyses of submarine pipeline and riser systems, foundations for offshore renewable energy exploitation, etc. He serves as Vice Chair of the Technical Committee of Geotechnics of Soil Erosion, International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE), TPC member of the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineering (ISOPE); also serves on the editorial board of the Journal of Hydrodynamics, Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Letters, Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering.

SPECIAL FEATURE STORY ON “Challenges in the Design of Tall Building Foundations” by Prof Harry G Poulos
Prof Harry G. Poulos

Harry Poulos obtained a Civil Engineering degree from the University of Sydney in 1961, and then went on to do a PhD degree in Soil Mechanics, graduating in 1965. He worked with the consulting firm of McDonald Wagner and Priddle for a year before joining joined the Department of Civil Engineering at Sydney University in 1965. He was appointed a Professor in 1982, a position which he held until his retirement in 2001. In 1989, he joined the consulting firm of Coffey Partners International, and is currently a Senior Principal with Coffey Geotechnics. He is also an Emeritus Professor at the University of Sydney, and an Adjunct Professor at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.

He has published books and technical papers on foundation settlements, pile foundations, and offshore geotechnics. His main research interests continue to be in deep foundations and their application to high-rise buildings, and to problems relating to ground movements near foundations.

He has been involved in a large number of major projects in Australia and overseas including the Docklands Project in Melbourne, the Crown tower development in Sydney, Egnatia Odos highway project in Greece, high-rise foundation problems in Hong Kong, the Emirates twin Towers in Dubai. the Burj Khalifa tower in Dubai, the Incheon 151 Tower in Korea, and the Dubai tower in Doha, Qatar.

He was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science in 1988 and a Fellow of The Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering in 1996, and in 1999 was made an Honorary Fellow of the Institution of Engineers Australia. In 2010, he was elected a Distinguished Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, the first Australian to receive this honour, and in 2014, he was elected as a Foreign Member of the US National Academy of Engineering.

He has received a number of awards and prizes, including the Kevin Nash Gold Medal of the International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering in 2005. He was the Rankine Lecturer in 1989 and the Terzaghi Lecturer in 2004, and was selected as the Australian Civil Engineer of the Year for 2003 by the Institution of Engineers Australia. In 1993, he was made a Member of the Order of Australia for services to engineering.

PREFACE

The theme of the 2014 December issue is Offshore and Coastal Geotechnics. The guest editors for this special issue are Dr. Shinji Sassa at Port and Airport Research Institute, Japan, Prof. Poul V. Lade at The Catholic University of America, USA, Prof. Li-zhong Wang at Zhejiang University, China, Prof. Yean K. Chow at National University of Singapore, Prof. Dong Sheng Jeng at Griffith University, Australia, Prof. Christophe Gaudin at University of Western Australia and Prof. Fuping Gao at Chinese Academy of Sciences. Dr. Dariusz Wanatowski at The University of Nottingham Ningbo, China contributed to the editorial management. Prof. Bala as the Editor-in-Chief and Dr. Teik A. Ooi as the President of SEAGS strongly supported the launch of this special issue on Offshore and Coastal Geotechnics.

The topics and scope covered in this special issue are comprehensive and interdisciplinary, ranging from Offshore Foundations, Seabed Liquefaction, Scour and Erosion, Marine Slope Stability and Geotechnical Aspects of Dredging and Reclamation Works to Tsunami-Seabed-Structure Interaction. The issue is comprised of twelve papers with a selection of the authors from eight countries involving Asia, Australia, Europe and USA.

Sumer summarizes recent research advances in seabed liquefaction through the use of standard wave-flume tests and centrifuge wave-soil modelling and mathematical approaches together with their implications for the stability of marine structures. Sun et al. develops and validates a new hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian modelling framework of coastal current-induced sediment transport and sand dune migration. Liu and Zhao presents a numerical study of the penetration mechanism and kinematic behaviour of the drag anchor in soils by performing a large deformation finite element analysis. Wang et al. describes and discusses the results of a series of specially designed water flume tests on the response of silty soils under the action of combined waves and currents. Luo et al. proposes a new pipeline stability analysis method that takes into account the three-dimensional scour and pipe sinkage that were observed in an innovative large experimental facility, named the O-tube. Kohan et al. describes an improved analytical method for accurately predicting the offshore spudcan extraction resistance in soft clay and validates the method against a large database of centrifuge model tests. Jostad et al. develops and validates a new finite element procedure that accounts for 3D cyclic undrained degradation of soils with its application to a foundation design of offshore structures. Monkul et al. proposes volumetric compressibility (mv) as an indicator of liquefaction potential for sands and silty sands that are ubiquitous in offshore and coastal deposits on the basis of a series of isotropic compression and undrained triaxial tests. Lee et al. investigates the seismic responses of a gently sloped liquefiable sand deposit confined within parallel walls of different geometry using centrifuge modelling and assesses the wall effects in relieving the excess pore pressures and the lateral spreading. Chen et al. numerically investigates the pullout behaviour of circular plate in normally consolidated clay and presents a direct design method for obtaining the uplift capacity of a circular plate anchor embedded in soils with a linearly increasing shear strength. Kumagai et al. presents and validates a new restoration method of artificial tidal flats by use of pressure injection of slurry dredge clay through the combined use of laboratory and field experiments and the finite element analyses. Sassa reports some recent research advances on tsunami-seabed-structure interaction and discusses the stability assessment for the design of tsunami-resistant structures from geotechnical and hydrodynamic perspectives.

We consider that this special issue presents and illustrates the outcome of some of the state-of-the-art research on Offshore and Coastal Geotechnics, and hope that it will make an important contribution to this growing field in the years to come.

Shinji Sassa
Poul V. Lade
Lizhong Wang
Yean K. Chow
Dong S. Jeng
Chiristophe Gaudin
Fuping Gao

Acknowledgement

The Year 2014 had been very successful in many ways. We were very fortunate to have an excellent Issue in March 2014 as edited by Prof. Buddima Indraratna and A/P Cholachat Rujikiatkamjorn. Prof. Buddhima Indraratna is currently Professor of Civil Engineering at the Faculty of Engineering, University of Wollongong. Concurrently, Buddhima is also the Research Director, Centre for Geomechanics and Railway Engineering; Program Leader, ARC Centre of Excellence in Geotechnical Science and Engineering; and Node Coordinator, CRC for Rail Innovation. This June Issue on Deep Foundations as edited by Prof. Tatsunori Matsumoto, Prof. Jurgen Grabe and Prof. Der Wen Chang have thirteen excellent papers. The authors of the papers and the editors of the June Issue are to be congratulated for that master-piece of work. A growing number of contributed papers were received for the journal. As such the September 2014 Issue was in two parts; Part 1 is on Centrifuge based Physical Modelling with Prof. B. Viswanatham as lead editor. There are six papers contributed in this part. Part 2 of the Issue is on contributed papers as edited by In-house Editors Dr. Ooi Teik Aun and Dr. Hanh Quang Le. We have always been keen to have a Special Issue on Centrifuge based Physical modelling. This December Issue on Offshore and Coastal Geotechnics is edited by Prof Shinji Sassa, Prof Poul V. Lade, Prof Lizhong Wang, Prof Yean K. Chow, Prof Dong S. Jeng, Prof Chiristophe Gaudin and Prof Fuping Gao. A Feature Story on “Challenges in the Design of Tall Building Foundations” by Prof Harry G. Poulos is also included for the first time in the Journal.

The Authors of the March 2014 Issue are from: Tokyo University of Science; University of Tokyo; Hokkaido Shinkansen Construction Bureau in Japan; University of Wollongong; Herriot-Watt University in UK; University of Technology Sydney; Geosyntec Consultants, Kennesaw; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Hokkaido University, Hokubu Consultants in Tokyo; University of Texas at Austin; National Highway Authority in Pakistan; Norwegian Public Roads Administration; Suranaree University of Technology in Thailand; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Fluminense Federal University in Brazil; Fugro In-situ Geotechnica, Brazil; Smoltczky Partner, Germany; Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore in India;

The authors of the June Issue are from: University of Stuttgart, Germany; DB ProjectBau GmbH, Hannover, Germany; Hamburg University of Technology, Germany; HAMC University of Architecture, Vietnam; Kanazawa Graduate School of natural Science & Technology, Japan; South Vietnam Bridge Road Building Institute in Vietnam; Takanaka Corporation in Japan; Middle-East Technical University in Turkey; National Central University, Taiwan; National Tamkang University Taiwan; Hiroshima University in Japan; Nagoya Institute of Technology in Japan; University of Kassel, Germany; Technical University of Darmstart, Germany;

September 2014 Issue Authors are from: Tokyo University of Technology; Port and Airport Research Institute of Japan; Ruhr University of Bochum, Germany; Husker Geosynthetics GmbH, Gescher, Germany; Kyoto University, Japan; IFSTTAR at Nantes in France; IIT Bombay in India; NTPC Limited, Noida in India; National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai, in India; University of Transport & Communication, Vietnam; National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, Taiwan; University of Lyon, France; Grenoble Alpes University, France; Polytecnico di Torino, Italy; Hanoi University of Mining & Geology, Vietnam; Ecole des Ponts Paris Tech, France; Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.

The December 2014 Issues have authors from: 1: Technical University of Denmark, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Tianjin University, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Norwegian University for Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway NGI Inc., Houston, Texas, USA; GS Engineering & Construction Corp., Seoul, South Korea; Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey; The Catholic University of America, USA; Istanbul Technical University, Turkey; National Central University, Jhongli City, Taiwan, National University of Singapore; Fugro Singapore Pte Ltd, Singapore; Hiroshima University, Japan; Port and Airport Research Institute, Yokosuka,Japan

We have had remarkable Guest Editors since 2011. They all have done excellent job and so are the 2014 Issues. The Preface is excellent and Dr. Shinji Sassa and the co-editors are thanked for all their contributions and also summarised contents of the papers. This Issue and others in 2014 will be of great use to our Geotechnical Community in SE Asia and elsewhere.

Additionally, an attempt is made to have Feature Stories in the Issues starting with December 2014 Issue. These feature stories are to be written by invited authors as drawn from our international community with extensive and authoritative experience. Prof. Harry G Poulos accepted our invitation to have an article in the December 2014 Issue. This is to be followed by Prof. Robert Mair of Cambridge University on “Geotechnical Challenges encountered in the London Metropolitan Subway System”, followed by Prof. Ikuo Towhata on “Coping with the Natural Hazards, Challenges in Japan and elsewhere”. The subsequent one is by Dr. John Endicott of his “Decades of experience in Major Projects in Hong and Singapore”. Prof. Harry G Poulos is thanked for helping to start this feature stories in our journal.

K. Y. Yong
N . Phienwej
T. A. Ooi
A. S. Balasubramaniam

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECEMBER 2014: SPECIAL ISSUE ON Offshore and Coastal Geotechnics
Editors: Shinji Sassa, Poul V. Lade, Lizhong Wang, Yean K. Chow, Dong S. Jeng, Chiristophe Gaudin & Fuping Gao

Vol. 45 No.3 September 2014

Part 1: Centrifuge-based Physical Modeling (Editors: B.V.S. Viswanadham, Christophe Gaudin & Tom Schanz)
Part 2: Contributed Papers (Editors: Ooi Teik Aun, Hanh Quang Le & Noppodol Phienwej)

GUEST EDITORS

Prof. B.V.S. Viswanadham

Prof. Viswanadham obtained his PhD (Dr.-Ing.) from the Ruhr-University of Bochum, Germany in November 1996. He obtained his Bachelor degree in Civil Engineering from the Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India in 1987 and thereafter did his Master of Technology in Civil Engineering with Geotechnical Engineering as a specialization from the Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Chennai, India in 1989. Before joining the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay) in December 1998, he worked as a Senior Project Officer, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras and as a Scientist, Geotechnical Engineering Division, Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi for about eleven years. Currently, Prof. Viswanadham is working as a Professor in the department of Civil Engineering with geotechnical engineering as a specialization. The research interest of Prof. Viswanadham is on: (1) Centrifuge model studies on the behaviour of geotechnical structures; (2) Environmental Geotechnics with a special reference to landfill waste containment systems; (3) Ground improvement using Geosynthetics and studies on the behaviour of geosynthetic reinforced soil structures; (4) Natural hazard mitigation – landslides and slope protection; (5) Bulk utilization of waste materials especially coal ash. He has published 120+ technical papers in peer-reviewed international journals/International conferences/National conferences.

Prof. Viswanadham is a Co-ordinator of the National Geotechnical Centrifuge Facility available at IIT Bombay. He has focused in disseminating knowledge on centrifuge modelling to Students/Professionals through courses (for both undergraduate and post-graduate levels) and continuing education programme courses at IIT Bombay with an aim to establish centrifuge modelling technique as an essential tool for studying problems in geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. Prof. Viswanadham is the Member of the Technical Committee for Physical Modelling on Geotechnics (TC104) of the International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE), and the Chair of the Ist Asian regional workshop on the Centrifuge Modelling for Geotechnical Infrastructure to be held in IIT Bombay in November 14-16, 2012.

Prof. Christophe Gaudin

Prof. Gaudin graduated with a Doctorate in Engineering Science from the Ecole Centrale de Nantes in November 2002. He subsequently joined the Centre for Offshore Foundation Systems (COFS) in July 2003 and was appointed as Manager of the UWA centrifuge facilities. He was promoted Research Professorial Fellow in 2009 and hold since the position of Deputy Director of COFS. His research interests cover offshore anchoring systems and shallow foundations, pipeline-soil interaction and similitude principles associated with centrifuge modelling, for which he has authored 90+ referred publications.

As manager of the UWA centrifuge facilities and a team of 8 technicians, Prof Gaudin has focused on establishing centrifuge modelling techniques as an essential tool to assist the offshore industry in developing and designing foundation solutions. He has built a strong relationship with the offshore industry, raising over $3.5M of research funding and producing 50+ consulting reports.

Since 2010, Prof. Gaudin is the Chair of the Technical Committee for Physical Modelling on Geotechnics (TC104) of the International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE), and the Chair of the 8th International Conference on Physical Modelling in Geotechnics to be held in Perth in 2014. His goals as TC Chair for the current term are notably to increase awareness of centrifuge modelling techniques and capabilities in the geotechnical engineering community, both in academia and industry, and to support the emergence of new centrifuge centres around the world.

Prof. Tom Schanz

Prof. Tom Schanz received his PhD at ETH Zurich on the mechanical behavior of granular mixture. This period followed a PostDoc stay at Kagoshima University (Japan). Thereafter he received his habilitation at University Stuttgart (Germany). After ten years as Professor at Bauhaus-University Weimar (Germany) he is nowadays head of the Laboratory of Foundation Engineering, Soil- and Rock Mechanics at Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany. The laboratory is running currently two geotechnical centrifuges since about 30 years. Research projects involving these equipments cover all subjects from environmental engineering, natural hazard assessment and nowadays problems involving unsaturated soil mechanics. Beside the centrifuge center the laboratory is running an excellent equipped soil dynamics and clay lab. Tom’s research papers cover a wide range of theoretical, experimental and numerical subjects, as unsaturated soil mechanics, physico-chemical clay behavior, constitutive models, earthquake engineering and application of numerical methods to geomechanical problems. Tom is member of international committees as Unsaturated soils and European Numerical methods, he is chairman of the German committee for Numerical Methods in Geotechnics.

FOREWORD

By Prof Viswanadham, and Dr.Ooi Teik Aun & Dr. Hanh Quang Le

A growing number of papers were received from time to time by authors who have an active interest in the journal. It is the only journal in SE Asia and we need to cater well for all authors.

As such, this Issue of the Journal is in two parts. The First Part is edited by Prof. Viswanadham and his team on Centrifugal Model Tests. The second part is edited by the in-house editors of the Journal.

Part 1: Centrifuge-based Physical Modeling

It is a pleasure for us to be Guest Editors for this Special Issue on Centrifuge-based Physical Modeling. There are seven excellent papers:

Centrifuge Modelling of Improved Ground; Simulation of Soil Movement in Geotechnical Centrifuge Testing – Deep Excavations, Tunnelling, Deposit; Run-out of sensitive clay debris: significance of the flow behaviour of sensitive clays; Verification of the Generalized Scaling Law for Flat Layered Sand Deposit; Performance of Rail Embankments Constructed with Coal Ash as a Structural Fill Material: Centrifuge study; Centrifuge Model Tests on the Use of Geocomposite as an Internal Drain in Levees; Field scale tests for determination of pullout capacity of suction pile anchors under varying loading conditions.

The authors of these papers are M. Kitazume, Y. Morikawa and S. Nishimura; D. König, O. Detert andT.Schanz; V. Thakur and D. Nigussie; T. Tobita, S. Escoffier, J. L. Chazelas and S. Iai; B.V.S. Viswanadham and V.K. Mathur; Vijaya Ravichandran, R. Ramesh, S. Muthukrishna Babu, G.A.Ramadass, M.V.Ramanamoorthy and M.A. Atmanand.

With an aim of disseminating knowledge and expertise about the centrifuge based physical modelling techniques, the Technical committee TC 104 on Physical Modelling in Geotechnics of the International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE) is organizing regional workshops first in Europe and Asia. The first Asian workshop on Physical Modelling in Geotechnics (Asiafuge2012) was held in Mumbai, India in November 14-16, 2012 and was organised in association with Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India, and the Indian Geotechnical Society Delhi with an emphasis on the application of centrifuge-based physical modelling for infrastructure development. Selected themes included soft ground problems, foundations, deep excavations, slopes and embankments, earthquakes, climate change, ground improvement techniques, tunnels, offshore foundation systems, environmental geotechnics, geosynthetics and novel construction techniques in infrastructure geotechnics. The above papers were selected by a scientific committee consisting of delegates, who attended Asiafuge 2012.

B.V.S. Viswanadham (Lead Guest Editor)
C. Gaudin
T. Shanz

Part 2: Contributed Papers

In this part there are 7 contributed papers on mobile information system for risk management in urban underground construction; Design methods in Segmental Tunnel Linings; Challenges in constructing urban tunnels; Bulk compression of dredges soils; Energy piles; Bored piles in residual soils and Centrifugal shaking table tests on reinforced earth embankments.

The authors of the papers are: Hanh Quang Le and Bin-Chen Benson Hsiung; N.A. Do, D. Dias, P.P. Oreste, I. Djeran-Maigre; R. Katzenbach and S. Leppla; Hiroshi Shinsha and Takahiro Kumagai; A.M. Tang, J.M. Pereira, G. Hassen, N. Yavari; Mutiasani Dianmarti Kusuma and Eng-Choon Leong; W.Y. Hung, J.H. Hwang, C.J. Lee.

The editorial team of the contributed papers are most grateful to the authors and the reviewers for their excellent job. Most papers in Part 2 were presented in Geotech Hanoi 2013, but were modified significantly and had been subjected to extensive review.

Ooi Teik Aun (Lead Editor Part 2)
Hanh Quang Le
Noppodol Phienwej

Acknowledgement

A growing number of contributed papers are now received for the journal. As such this Issue is in two parts; Part 1 is on Centrifuge based Physical Modelling with Prof. B.V.S. Viswanadham as lead editor. There are six papers contributed in this part. Part 2 of the Issue is on contributed papers as edited by In-house Editors Dr. Ooi Teik Aun and Dr. Hanh Quang Le. The future Issues of the Journal will also have papers edited by Guest Editors on theme Issues and contributed papers on a wide range of topics which are of great interest to our Geotechnical Community in SE Asia and elsewhere.

The topics and the authors are adequately described in the Foreword. The reviewers are not named here. But most papers had more than two reviewers. Special thanks are extended to the Editors, authors and reviewers for their excellent work.

K. Y. Yong
N . Phienwej T. A. Ooi
A. S. Balasubramaniam

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SEPTEMBER 2014: SPECIAL ISSUE ON CENTRIFUGE MODELLING OF GEOTECHNICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Part 1: Centrifuge-based Physical Modeling (Editors: B.V.S. Viswanadham, Christophe Gaudin & Tom Schanz)
Part 2: Contributed Papers (Editors: Ooi Teik Aun, Hanh Quang Le & Noppodol Phienwej)

Prof. Tatsunori Matsumoto

Prof. Matsumoto is now with Kanazawa University in Japan for nearly 34 years. He was educated at the Kanazawa University and received his Doctoral Degree from Kyoto University for his work on steel pipe piles in 1989. He has extensive research and practical experience on piled foundations and piled raft foundations. Prof. Matsumoto has a Shake Table Facility for the study of dynamic and earthquake type of behaviour of piled foundations. He has also worked on the centrifuge with pile groups and piled raft foundations in collaboration with Taisei Corporation. Prof. Matsumoto also has wide experience in the seismic design of raft and piled raft foundations. Prof. Matsumoto is one of the authors of the computer software PRAB—Piled Raft Analysis with Batter Piles. With this software piled raft foundation can be analyzed with vertical and horizontal loads as well as moment.

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Grabe

Prof. Grabe was educated in civil engineering at Hannover University/Germany and received his Doctoral Degree from Karlsruhe University/Germany for his work “Experimental and theoretical investigation of entire area compaction control using vibratory rollers” in 1992. Afterwards he worked in geotechnical consulting and construction companies for six years. In 1998 he became head of the Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Construction Management at Hamburg University of Technology in Germany. He has extensive research and practical experience in physical, theoretical and numerical modelling in geotechnical engineering, especially in pile foundations, and marine geotechnics. Prof. Grabe has a complete soil mechanics laboratory and worked also on physical modelling in centrifuge in collaboration with University of Western Australia.

Prof. Grabe’s main research topics are geotechnical engineering in general, and marine geotechnics in particular. His methodical background covers physical modelling (1g model tests and ng model tests in collaboration with UWA), theoretical modelling (single and multiphase models for saturated and unsaturated soils based on continuum approach), numerical modelling (grid and mesh-based methods like FDM, FVM and FEM for continuum approach; meshfree methods like SPH for continuum approach, and DEM for discontinuum approach). Prof. Grabe and his research group produced 257 publications in national and international journals and conferences since 1998. From 2011 Prof. Grabe is vice president of Hamburg University of Technology, and is responsible for research in this function.

Prof. Der-Wen Chang

Prof. Chang has been the Geotechnical faculty member at The Department of Civil Engineering of Tamkang University (TKU), Taipei, Taiwan for over 22 years. He received Ph.D. in Civil Engineering at The University of Texas at Austin in 1991 and MS in Civil Engineering at Michigan State University in 1987. Prof. Chang has supervised the research work of over 60 Master Thesis and 3 Ph.D. Thesis at TKU, and published more than 190 articles as the Journal, Conf. papers and reports. Nearly all his research studies are related to numerical modeling and dynamic analyses for the geotechnical structures. His research experiences include NDT methods on pavements, seismic behaviors of the pile foundation, constitutive modeling of the soils, and recent study on the performance based design for the earth
structures. Prof. Chang is also the visiting Professor at University of Washington at Seattle, US in 2008 and LN Gumilyov Eurasian National University at Astana, Kazakhstan for research studies in 2010 and 2011. Other than the research works, Prof. Chang devotes himself a great deal to serve the communities. He involves heavily and indeed shows his good performance in the public works related to education and constructions. Prof. Chang is currently serving as the Int. Secretary General of Chinese Taipei Geotechnical Society, GC member at SEAGS and Editorial Panel for SEAGS/AGSSEA J. of Geotechnical Engineering, and TC212 member at ISSMGE.

Foreword

The theme of the 2014 June issue is Deep Foundations. Prof. Tatsunori Matsumoto at Kanazawa University, Japan and Prof. Jurgen Grabe at Hamburg University of Technology, Germany are the guest editors while Prof. Der-Wen Chang at Tamkang University, Taiwan is the in-house editor. Prof. Der Wen Chang also undertook all the administrative works related to the review of the articles and coordinating with the Guest Editors, Authors and Reviewers. After 18-month of preparations, thirteen papers were finally selected and are published in this Issue.

The content of this issue covers up mainly the task force studies 1~5 of ISSMGE TC212. More than half of the technical papers are based on observations of the experimental works. Axial Bearing Capacity and Static Cyclic Loading Behaviours of the Model Piles and/or Pile Group are respectively examined by Aoyama et al., Hwang et al. and Ünsever et al. Case studies on Response of Laterally Loaded Nonlinear Piles are shown by Wei Dong Guo. Seismic Performance of the Piles from Field Measurements is discussed by Yamashita et al. Seismic Soil-structure-foundation Behaviours with Liquefaction concerns from the Shaking Table Test with Numerical Comparisons are discussed in the study made by Zhang et al.. An Overview of the Deep Foundation Systems of the High-rise Buildings can be found by
Katzenbach and Dr. Leppla.

On the other hand, a number of numerical studies can be found on simulating the pile foundation behaviors. The topics include: Energy Pile with Feasible Material Modeling by Ma et al., Passive Loading Effects on Piles by Moormann and Aschrafi, Dynamic Load Testing on Pipe Piles Compared to Case Study by Phan Ta et al., Laterally Loaded Nonlinear Piles by Wei Dong Guo, Seismic Performance of the Piles using Reliability Method by Chang et al., and Bearing Behaviours of Pile Group and/or Piles respectively discussed by Wu and Yamamoto, Reul et al. and Ünsever et al.

It is the sincere wish of the editors that this issue can provide a good record for the advanced works on deep foundation research. Sincere gratitude is expressed by the editors to the delegates and the reviewers who have contributed tremendous time and efforts in making this Remarkable Issue feasible and to complete the work within very strict timelines.

Tatsunori Matsumoto
Jurgen Grabe &
Der Wen Chang

Acknowledgement

This special Issue on Deep Foundations as edited by Prof. Tatsunori Matsumoto, Prof. Jurgen Grabe and Prof. Der Wen Chang have thirteen excellent papers. Each paper being reviewed by at least two reviewers and some by more than two. The authors of the papers as per the Table of Contents and in that order are: C. Moormann and J. Aschrafi; Xiaolong Ma, Gang Qiu and Jürgen Grabe; L. Phan Ta , T. Matsumoto and H. Nguyen Hoang; K. Yamashita, T. Hashiba, H. Ito and T. Tanikawa; Y.S. Unsever, T. Matsumoto, S. Shimono and M.Y. Özkan; J.H. Hwang, Z.X. Fu, P.Y. Yeh and D.W. Chang; D.W. Chang, Y.H. Lin, H.C. Chao, S.C. Chu and C.H. Liu; Wei Dong Guo; Y. Wu and H. Yamamoto; F. Zhang, R. Oka, Y. Morikawa, Y. Mitsui, T. Osada, M. Kato and Y. Wabiko; S. Aoyama, L. Danardi, L. Bangan, W. Mao, S. Goto and I. Towhata; O. Reul, J. Bauer and C. Niemann; and R. Katzenbach and S. Leppla.

Indeed the papers are excellent and deal with: Numerical Investigation of Passive Loads on Piles in Soft Soils; Simulation of an Energy Pile using Thermo-hydro-mechanical Coupling and a Visco-hypoplastic Model; Studies on Dynamic Load Testing of an Open-ended Pipe Pile with a Case Study; Performance of Piled Raft Foundation Subjected to Strong Seismic Motion; Static Cyclic Load Tests on Model Foundations in Dry Sand; Axial Bearing Behaviour of a Model Pile in Sand under Multiple Static Cycles; Seismic PBD of Piles from Monte Carlo Simulation using EQWEAP Analysis with Weighted Intensities; Case Studies on Response of Laterally Loaded Nonlinear Piles; Analysis of the Effect of Pile Tip Shape on Soil Behaviour Around Pile; Shaking Table Test on Superstructure-foundation-ground System in Liquefiable Soil and its Numerical Verification; Model Loading Tests on the Bearing Behaviour of a Group Pile and Ground Deformation; the Bearing Behaviour of Pile Groups Subjected to Lateral Pressure due to Horizontal Soil Movements; Deep Foundation Systems for High-rise Buildings in Difficult Soil Conditions.

Thus this Issue is unique in its own way in covering, theory, and practice via laboratory and field tests on model piles and under full scale conditions. Both static and dynamic loading conditions as well as earthquake type of loading; also the laboratory tests also include shaking table tests.

The authors of the papers and the editors are to be congratulated for this master-piece of work . Both Prof Tatsunori Matsumoto and Prof Der Wen Chang are also the guest editors of our June 2011 Issue of the journal and this Issue have seen the contributions of Prof. Jurgen Grabe as well as a Guest Editor.

We hope this Issue of the Journal will be of immense value to researchers and practitioners.

K. Y. Yong
N . Phienwej
T. A. Ooi
A. S. Balasubramaniam

TABLE OF CONTENTS

JUNE 2014: SPECIAL ISSUE ON DEEP FOUNDATION
Editors: Tatsunori Matsumoto, Jurgen Grabe & Der Wen Chang

PROF. JINCHUN CHAI

Prof. Chai got his bachelor of engineering degree from Tongji University in Shanghai, China in 1982; and master of engineering degree from the China Academy of Railway Science in Beijing, China in 1985. Then he got his Doctor of engineering degree from Asian Institute of Technology in Bangkok, Thailand in 1992 under the supervision of Prof. D. T. Bergado. Professor Chai is currently Professor of Geotechnical Engineering at the Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Japan. His primary research interests are: (1) soft ground improvement; (2) geosynthetics; and (3) numerical analysis in geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering.

He has written over 140 research papers (about 60 journal papers and over 80 conference papers) and two coauthored books, “Improvement techniques of soft ground in subsiding and lowland environment”, by :Bergado/Chai/Alfaro/Balasubramaniam;, Balkema (1994); and “Deformation analysis in soft ground improvement”, by Chai/Carter; Springer (2011). In Scopus database, his papers have been cited about 750 times, and his H-Index is 16. Professor Chai is a licensed Professional Engineer in Japan.

PROF. SHUI-LONG SHEN

Prof. Dr. Shui-Long Shen received his BSc. in Tunneling and Underground Space Technology from Tongji University in 1986 and his MPhil in Structural Engineering from the same university in 1989. He obtained his Ph.D. in Geotechnical Engineering from Saga University, Japan, in 1998. After Dr. Shen received his PhD, he worked in the Institute of Lowland Technology (ILT) as a lecturer from 1998 to 2001. During this period Dr. Shen served as an Associate Editor of Lowland Technology International-an International Journal. From 2001 to 2003, Dr. Shen worked in National Institute for Environmental Studies in Tsukuba-the Science City of Japan. In 2003, he joined the Department of Civil Engineering (DCE) of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) as a faculty member. He is now the Department Head of DEC. From 2005 to 2010, Dr. Shen has been keeping collaboration with other international organization, e.g. Saga University, Virginia Tech, The University of Kansas, The University of Hong Kong, Suranaree University of Technology.

Dr. Shen’s research interests focus on soft ground improvement and land subsidence due to withdrawal of liquid from underground. He published and/or edited five books, of which two conference proceedings published by ASCE. Dr. Shen published more than 150 technical papers in Journals and conferences, in which about 50 papers were published in International Journals.

Dr. Shen also serves as an editorial board member of four International Journals, e.g. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Elseveir, and Geotechnical Engineering – SEAGS etc. and two domestic journals, e.g. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering.

PREFACE

This special issue is dedicated to Professor Dennes T. Bergado to commemorate his retirement from the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) in June, 2013. The general theme of this issue is: Soft Ground improvement and Geosynthetics, which has been the main area of Prof. Bergado’s personal research activity over the past 3 decades and to which he has contributed enormously. The idea of having a special issue for Prof. Bergado’s retirement came from Prof. A. S. Balasubramaniam in March 2012. When he asked us to be guest editors for this issue, we accepted the invitation happily and eagerly. Prof. Bergado was Prof. Jinchun Chai’s supervisor for his Doctor of Engineering Degree in AIT (1992), and he is also a close friend of Prof. Shuilong Shen.

We were determined to make the issue one of very high standards and a lasting and memorable contribution to the subject area. We started to invite active researchers in the field to contribute their new research results or state-of-the-art papers in April 2012. All those we invited responded warmly and enthusiastically, and we believe this was because of Prof. Bergado’s outstanding contribution to the field as well as his friendly personality. We informed all who agreed to contribute that all papers would be subject to strict critical review and only those papers that satisfactorily addressed all review comments would be finally included in this issue. Thirteen (13) full papers were received by the end of 2012. Review and revision works took about 4 months and in May 2013, the 13 high quality papers were finally accepted and ready for publication. Among these papers, 7 are review articles, i.e., state-of-the-art papers, and 6 contain essentially new and previously unpublished material.

In the meantime, we invited senior professors in the field of geotechnical engineering who know Prof. Bergado well to write their thoughts and reflections about him for this special issue. The notes penned by Prof. H.G. Poulos, Prof. S.K. Kim & Prof. N. Miura are included with this preface. It is hoped that these short notes will provide inspiration to young researchers and engineers working in the area of ground improvement and the application of geosynthetics.

Finally we would like to thank all the contributors and people who helped us to make this special issue a success. We wish Prof. Dennes T. Bergado a very happy retirement and at the same time urge him to continue to contribute professionally to the fields of soft ground improvement and the use of geosynthetics. We feel he still has much to offer to our profession.

Jinchun Chai, Saga, Japan
Shui-Long Shen Shanghai, China

—

Prof. H.G. Poulos writes

Ground improvement has become an increasingly important issue in the development of property and infrastructure in areas where ground conditions are poor. South East Asia is one of these areas and so it is entirely appropriate that research into ground improvement methods should be undertaken at one of the region‟s foremost institutions, the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT). This research has been spearheaded by Professor Dennes T. Bergado, and over the past 3 decades, he and his research team have made many significant contributions to knowledge and practice in the area of ground improvement. Of particular significance is his work on vertical drains and ground reinforcement using inclusions and geosynthetics. He has presented innovative techniques to enhance the performance of vertical drains by heating them, and by the application of electro-osmosis. His two books in this area have been influential and have been of great value to students and practitioners alike.

A feature of Professor Bergado‟s research is his focus on solving geo-problems in Asia, and his recent research has expanded to include geotechnical aspects of natural disasters, including tsunamis. He and his team have addressed not only the science of the problems they have tackled, but also the technology of application of the science.
AIT has been fortunate to have a person of his calibre to lead the group and to carry on the pioneering work that began decades ago with Dr. Za-Chieh Moh, and continued under Professor A. S. Balasubramaniam. I am sure that I speak for many in our discipline in wishing him an enjoyable retirement, while at the same time hoping that he will be able to continue to contribute his knowledge and experience to the profession and to help guide the younger generation of geo- professionals.

H.G. Poulos
Coffey Geotechnics, and the University of Sydney, Australia.
December 2012

—

Prof. Sag-Kyu Kim writes

First of all, I would like to congratulate Professor Dennes T. Bergado on his honourable retirement from AIT. He has long served at the institute as an educator of geotechnical engineering. Through his long teaching career at AIT he has produced a lot of prominent geotechnical engineers, most of whom are now doing leading roles in the Asian region. His research works have mainly been concerned in soft ground improvement and geosynthetics. Lots of papers related to this discipline have been published in international journals and proceedings. Furthermore, he has been involved in important consulting projects including the construction of the new Bangkok international airport. His reputation as an expert in this field has made him to be invited as a theme lecturer or a keynote speaker in many international geotechnical events. It is my honour and privilege to write some words for such an expert in a special volume of Geotechnical Engineering Journal commemorating his academic achievements.

Everywhere in the world there exist soft grounds that need to improve for an effective land use. A large delta neighbouring the city of Busan in Korea was also one of such sites, where the Government planned to develop a large scale harbour along a coastline and residential and industrial compounds behind it. In connection with this challenging project, I opened a short course on „Soil improvement using prefabricated vertical drains‟ in 1998 at my University in Seoul. Prof. Dennes T. Bergado gave a practically useful lecture at the event with the theme of „Design and analysis of vertical drains‟ and introduced the case of soil improvement of Bangkok clay. Afterwards, I again organized an Asian Regional Committee entitled „Thick clay deposit,‟ and I have frequently held seminars and symposia in order to expand and deepen the understanding of ground improvement technologies. He often joined us in those events as an invited speaker and thus through those close contacts he became my long-time colleague and friend. We are deeply indebted to Prof. Dennes T. Bergado for having shared his experiences and introduced new technologies developed at AIT.

Though he is retiring from teaching and research duty at AIT, he is still young and energetic. I am sure he will continue to work with a new role in our geotechnical field. I wish him all the best and enjoying his second career.

Sag-Kyu Kim
Professor Emeritus, Dongguk University, Seoul, Korea.
December 2012

—

Prof. N. Miura writes

Bergado – All rounded Player

It was in 1987 when I first contacted with Prof. Dennes T. Bergado who was working at Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) in Bangkok, Thailand immediately as a young faculty member after he came back from U.S.A. Saga University asked me to invite a foreign professor, and I sent invitation letters to several universities. He sent back his positive response to accept our requirements. We were planning to establish a new institute to investigate the lowland problems especially such problems as land-subsidence, soft ground improvement, and water management in lowlands. Prof. Dennes T. Bergado was searching for new research topics after he finished probabilistic research in his PhD dissertation at Utah State University under Professor Loren Anderson. Prof. Dennes T. Bergado was interested in soft ground improvement in Saga Plain, because there exist common properties between soft Ariake Clay in Saga Plain and soft Bangkok clay.

The first topics he selected at Saga University were to investigate the prefabricated vertical drain (PVD). We made a large-scale test instrument for this purpose and he successfully performed experimental model tests. The results were successfully applied in field embankment tests at Saga Airport construction site. Some of the data appeared on his book publication “Soft Ground Improvement in Lowland and Other Environments” published by ASCE press（Bergado, Anderson, Miura and Balasubramaniam, 1996）. Subsequently, this equipment has been utilized for model tests in the soft Bangkok clay which lead to successful applications in the Mega-Projects in Bangkok, Thailand such as the Suvarnabhumi International Airport, Motorway to Pattaya, Outer Ring Road, etc.

During Prof. Dennes T. Bergado‟s stay at Saga University, close relationship was made with AIT, and Saga University accepted more than ten AIT alumni for doctoral studies. During Bergado‟s second stay, then AIT President, Prof. North, visited our University. After he went back to AIT, tremendous activities started in the field of geotechnical engineering. Field tests on full-scale embankments at AIT campus became a well-known monuments, and he published numerous papers based on the model embankments, and a large number of doctor students were produced at AIT.

Prof. Bergado‟s brilliant successes come not only from his creative and innovative researches but also his pleasant personality which attracted excellent students and also practicing engineers. In other words, he has a good sense of management. He is really an all-around player. I hope that he can continue his research activities after retirement and also he can enjoy golf as long as he can. I would like to say many thanks to him for his contribution to our activities at Saga University which led to the establishment of the Institute of Lowland Technology (ILT). Lastly, he also contributed in initiating the now famous International Symposium on Soil Reinforcement (now IS-Kyushu) which started at Saga University in 1988. He was also instrumental in the establishment of the technical journal at ILT called Lowland Technology International (LTI), a name Prof. Dennes T. Bergado suggested.

Norihiko Miura
December 2012

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a great pleasure to write this acknowledgement for the December 2013 Issue dedicated to honour Prof. Dennes T. Bergado‟s retirement from the Asian Institute of Technology. At the very first sincere thanks must go to the guest editors Prof. Jinchun Chai and Prof. Shuilong Shen. They really did a magnificent job in making this volume possible with thirteen excellent papers; all related to ground improvement and from world-wide reputed authors.

Grateful acknowledgement is also made to the contributing authors: J.-C. Chai, J. P. Carter, A. Saito and T. Hino; Ennis M. Palmira, André R.S. Feel and Gregorian. L. S. Araújo; X. Yang and J. Han;J. K. Lee and J.Q. Shang; P.V. Long, D.T. Bergado, L.V. Nguyen and A.S. Balasubramaniam; Han-Yong Jeon and Yuan Chun Jin; P. Voottipruex and D.T. Bergado, and W. Wongprasan; C. Taechakumthorn and R.K. Rowe; C. Rujikiatkamjorn and B. Indraratna; Z.F. Wang, S.L. Shen, C.E. Ho and Y.H. Kim; Masaki Kitazume; Wei Guo, Jian Chu and Shuwang Yan; S. Horpibulsuk, C. Suksiripattanapong and A. Chinkulkijniwat; and H.M. Abuel-Naga, G.A. Lorenzo and D.T. Bergado.

There are fourteen excellent papers in this issue on: Behaviour of Clay Subjecting to Vacuum and Surcharge Loading in an Oedometer; Behaviour of Geogrid Reinforced Abutments on Soft Soil; Geocell-Reinforced Granular Fill under Static and Cyclic Loading: A Synthesis of Analysis; Electrical Vertical Drains in Geotechnical Engineering Applications; Design and Performance of Soft Ground Improvement Using PVD with and without Vacuum Consolidation; Reassessment of Long-Term Performance of Geogrids by Considering Mutual Interaction among Reduction Factors; Simulations of PVD Improved Reconstituted Specimens with Surcharge, Vacuum and Heat Preloading using Axisymmetric and Equivalent Vertical Flow Conditions; Reinforced Embankments on Soft Deposits: Behaviour, Analysis and Design; Current State of the Art in Vacuum Preloading for Stabilising Soft Soil; Jet Grouting Practice: an Overview; Deep Mixing Method in Japan; Recent Studies of Geosynthetic Tubes and Mattress: an overview; Design Method for Bearing Reinforcement Earth Wall; and Current State of Knowledge on Thermal Consolidation using Prefabricated Vertical Drains.

Prof. Bergado (Dennes) was in the Geotechnical Engineering batch that graduated from AIT in 1976. At that time, Dr. Moh, Dr. Brand, Dr. Peter Brenner and Prof. Prinya Nutalaya and Prof. A.S.Balasubramaniam were the Geotechnical Faculty Members at AIT. After working for a while in Philippines, Prof. Bergado studied at Utah State University in USA on a Full Bright Scholarship and worked with Prof. Loren Anderson. Prof. Bergado joined AIT as an Assistant Professor in 1982; early colleagues of Prof. Bergado at AIT include Prof. Hideki Ohta, Prof. Towhata, Late Dr. Tomiolo, Dr. Friedrich Prinzl, Prof. Ikuo Towhata, Prof. Yuhdbir and Dr. Sarvesh Chandra. Later, Dr Robert Whitely, Dr. Noppadol Phienwej, Dr. Rantucci, Prof. Buddhima Indraratna , Dr. Kuwano, Dr. Sugimoto, Dr. Honjo, Prof. Ohtsu, Prof. Shibuya and Dr. Takemura; just to name a few. Prof. Onodera and Prof. Toshinobu Akagi left AIT a little before Prof. Bergado joined AIT.

At AIT in the early years Prof. Bergado was involved with many major Sponsored Research Projects including the USAID Funded Welded Wire Mechanical Stabilized Earth and Geosynthetics in Embankments on Soft Clays. Prof. Bergado was also deeply involved with the PVD Soft Ground Improvement Project at the Second Bangkok (Suvarnabhumi) Airport Site with the Airport Authority of Thailand. The Doctoral Students of Prof. Bergado were: Prof. Shivashankar, Prof. Chai, Dr. Long, Dr Panich, Dr Lorenzo, Dr Sompote, Dr Lai, Dr Abuel-Naga, Dr Chairat, Dr. Pittaya, Dr Jaturonk, and Dr Tawatchai to name a few. He successfully supervised a total of 17 doctor and 160 master graduates. Prof. Bergado wrote 2 books in soil/ground improvement, edited 22 conference proceedings with more than 140 journal and 280 conference papers. Prof. Bergado also edited the Volume on Geotechnical Engineering in SE Asia for the Golden Jubilee Conference at San Francisco in 1985. Prof. Bergado was associated with the Southeast Asian Geotechnical Society from the time he joined AIT, earlier as Editor of the Journal (1996-2000) and later became the Secretary General of SEAGS (2001-2012). He also initiated the Asian Center for Soil Improvement and Geosynthetics (ACSIG) and founded the International Geosynthetics Society (IGS)-Thailand Chapter. Currently, he is serving his second term as elected member of the IGS International Council.

Prof. Bergado spent his Sabbatical at Saga University. Emeritus Professor Norihiko Miura has also contributed an article here on Prof. Bergado‟s contributions and so were Prof. H G Poulos and Prof. Sag-Kyu Kim. These articles are included in the Preface as written by the Guest Editors.

It is a genuine pleasure to have this special issue to honour Prof. Dennes T. Bergado who has been an AIT Alumnus, a Colleague and friend of all of us over the last 35 years or so.

K. Y. Yong
N . Phienwej
T. A. Ooi
A. S. Balasubramaniam

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECEMBER 2013: GROUND IMPROVEMENT
Special Commemorative Issue in Honour of Prof Dennes T. Bergado on his Retirement from AIT
Editors: Prof. Jinchun Chai & Prof. Shui-Long Shen

Prof. Fusao Oka

Prof. Oka is Professor emeritus of Kyoto University and JSPS scientific researcher of Kyoto University. He had been Professor of Civil and Earth Resources Engineering at Kyoto University in Japan. He has many years of experience in geomechanics with special emphasis on constitutive modeling of geomaterials, liquefaction analysis, strain localization problems and experimental works, numerical modeling of multi-phase materials such as chemo-thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling of Methane hydrate containing ground. His research expertise covers engineering applications such as soil liquefaction, consolidation and excavation problems with theoretical and experimental approach. Prof. Oka has particular interest in the viscoplastic modeling of geomaterials and related strain localization behavior. He gave a special lecture at the plenary session of 16th ICSMGE on computational geomechanics in 2005. He has published more than 200 papers in this field and has received many awards from the Japanese Geotechnical society (2005), Japan Society of Civil Engineers (1993), and IACMAG (1997, 2006). He has been serving as a chair of TC34 of ISSMGE on Prediction and Simulation Methods in Geomechanics and chaired the 4th International Workshop on Strain Localization and Bifurcation Theory for Soils and Rocks (1997), the ISSMGE International Symposium on Deformation and Progressive Failure in Geomechanics (1997), and the International Symposium on Prediction and Simulation Methods for Geohazard Mitigation by JGS and ISSMGE (2009), the 46th. Japan National conference on geotechnical Engineering (2011). He is now chairing the organizing committee of the 14th ICIACMAG 2014 Kyoto. He is currently serving as EBM of the International Journal of Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, Computers and Geotechnics and the International Journal of Geomechanics and Geoengineering.

Prof. Helmut F. Schweiger
(Graz University of Technology)

Prof. Helmut F. Schweiger is Head of the Computational Geotechnics Group at the Institute for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering of the Graz University of Technology in Austria and has over 25 years of experience in developing and applying numerical methods in geomechanics. He obtained his Ph.D. form the University of Wales, Swansea, UK. His main research interests are the development of multilaminate models for soils, application of Random Set Theory to finite element analysis and the assessment of the influence of the constitutive model for solving practical problems, in particular deep excavations, deep foundations and tunnels. Application of numerical methods in accordance with the design approaches defined in Eurocode7 is another topic he is involved in. His group was a member of several research projects funded by the European Commission. His research is reflected in more than 130 publications in International Journals and Conference Proceedings and invitations to keynote and plenary lectures at International Conferences on Soil Mechanics and Computational Geotechnics. He serves on a number of editorial boards of international journals and was chairman of 6th European Conference on Numerical Methods in Engineering. As a member of several committees Helmut is involved in formulating guidelines and recommendations for the use of finite elements in practical geotechnical engineering. He lectures on courses on Computational Geotechnics around the world and has been a member of numerous Ph.D. committees.
In 2005 he received the “Excellent Contributions Award Regional” of the International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics and the “Best Paper Award” of the Japanese Geotechnical Society and in 2010 the “George Stephenson Medal” of the Institution of Civil Engineers, London, UK for a paper published in Geotechnique.

Foreword

I am very pleased to be the Leader of the Team of Guest Editors on this Special Issue on the Role of Analyses in Geotechnical Engineering. The co-editors are Prof. Helmut and Prof. Muhunthan in seeking contributions. Dr. Dariusz Wanatowski also helped in Proof Reading the articles.

There are nine papers in this issue and they are: Numerical Simulation of the Rainfall Infiltration on Unsaturated Soil Slope Considering a Seepage Flow; Seismic Response of Gravity-Cantilever Retaining Wall Backfilled with Shredded Tire;

Numerical modeling of lateral response of long flexible piles in sand; New Sampling Algorithm in Particle Fileter for Geotechnical Analysis; Comparison of deep foundation systems using 3D finite element analysis employing different modeling techniques; Application of a constitutive model for swelling rock to tunnelling; Finite element modelling of seismic liquefaction in soils; Random Wave-Induced Seabed Responses around Breakwater Heads; and Influence of brittle property of cement treated soil on undrained bearing capacity characteristics of the ground.

The authors of these papers are: S.Kimoto, F.Oka and E.Garcia; N. Ravichandran and E. L. Huggins; Md. Iftekharuzzaman and Bipul C Hawlader; T. Shuku, S. Nishimura, K. Fujisawa and A. Murakami ; F. Tschuchnigg & H.F. Schweiger; B. Schadlich, T. Marcher and H.F. Schweiger; V. Galavi, A. Petalas and R.B.J. Brinkgreve; Y Zhang, D-S Jeng, Z-W Fu and J Ou and S. Yamada, T. Noda, A. Asaoka and T. Shina.

Finally, I hope this Special Issue would be of great values to the Readers of Geotechnical Engineering Journal, whether they are in research or practice.

Fusao Oka
Guest Editor Editorial Team, SEAGS/AGSSEA J. of Geotechnical Engineering
Professor Emeritus of Kyoto University
Kyoto, Japan

Acknowledgement

It is a pleasure to thank Prof. Fusao Oka the Team leader of our Guest Editors for this September Issue on the Role of Analyses in Geotechnical Engineering Practice. The co-editors are Prof. Helmut Schweiger and Prof. Muhunthan Balasingham for acquiring papers from Europe & North America respectively. Dr. Dariusz Wanatowski helped the proof reading at the final stage.

Grateful acknowledgement is made to the contributing authors : :S.Kimoto, F.Oka and E.Garcia; N. Ravichandran and E. L. Huggins; Md. Iftekharuzzaman and Bipul C Hawlader; T. Shuku, S. Nishimura, K. Fujisawa and A. Murakami ; F. Tschuchnigg & H.F. Schweiger; B. Schadlich, T. Marcher and H.F. Schweiger; V. Galavi, A. Petalas and R.B.J. Brinkgreve; Y Zhang, D-S Jeng, Z-W Fu and J Ou and S. Yamada, T. Noda, A. Asaoka and T. Shina.

There are nine excellent papers related: Numerical Simulation of the Rainfall Infiltration on Unsaturated Soil Slope Considering a Seepage Flow; Seismic Response of Gravity-Cantilever Retaining Wall Backfilled with Shredded Tire;
Numerical modeling of lateral response of long flexible piles in sand; New Sampling Algorithm in Particle Fileter for Geotechnical Analysis; Comparison of deep foundation systems using 3D finite element analysis employing different modeling techniques; Application of a constitutive model for swelling rock to tunnelling; Finite element modelling of seismic liquefaction in soils; Random Wave-Induced Seabed Responses around Breakwater Heads; and Influence of brittle property of cement treated soil on undrained bearing capacity characteristics of the ground.

Also, the editorial works for the December Issue is now well advanced and the valuable assistance from our International Geotechnical Community is gratefully acknowledged.

K. Y. Yong
N . Phienwej
T. A. Ooi
A. S. Balasubramaniam

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SEPTEMBER 2013 SPECIAL ISSUE ON NUMERICAL ANALYSES
Guest Editors: Prof. Fusao Oka & Prof. Helmut F. Schweiger